Management of Pain and Anxiety during Bone Marrow Aspiration: An Italian National Survey

Abstract

Background: Bone marrow aspiration (BMA) or biopsy is a necessary and frequent procedure for diagnosis and monitoring of hematological diseases. Pharmacological pain management approaches exist; however, previous experience and psychological preparation for BMA may impact pain perception.

Aims: This study aimed to explore current practices in procedural pain management for BMA or biopsy.

Design/setting/participants: A cross-sectional internet-based survey was performed by the Nurses Group of the Italian Transplant Group (GITMO). Participants were nurses working in bone marrow transplant centers regularly performing BMA/biopsies.

Results: Sixty out of 94 centers receiving the survey responded (63.8%), 47 adult and 13 pediatric centers. The majority of them (75%) provided only verbal information for patient preparation before BMA. . Injected local anesthetics were used in 55.4% of centers, and combined with topical anesthetics in 33.9% of centers. Use of oral anesthetics was rare; however, anxiolytics and benzodiazepines were occasionally used (18.3%, 18.3% respectively). All pediatric centers used deep sedation for the procedure (p < .001), but drug choice depended on anesthetist preference. Ice packs (35.0%) and oral analgesia as required (40.0%) were used for postprocedural pain. Nurses perceived their patients' pain scores as relatively low (3.5 on scale 0-10), but recognized that it was a painful procedure provoking anxiety, and that pain management could be improved.

Conclusions: Results revealed the lack of a standardized approach to procedural pain management for BMA in this study sample. Assessing a patient's pain experience is a key component to identifying effective pain management for BMA.