An evaluation of the spread and scale of PatientToc™ from primary care to community pharmacy practice for the collection of patient-reported outcomes: A study protocol

doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.03.019

. 2021 Feb;17(2):466-474.

doi: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.03.019. Epub 2020 Apr 24.

An evaluation of the spread and scale of PatientToc™ from primary care to community pharmacy practice for the collection of patient-reported outcomes: A study protocol

Affiliations

¹ Purdue University College of Pharmacy, Fifth Third Bank Building, 640 Eskenazi Avenue, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. Electronic address: snyderme@purdue.edu.
² University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy, 2523 Rennebohm Hall, 777 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705-2222, USA. Electronic address: betty.chewning@wisc.edu.
³ University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy, 2523 Rennebohm Hall, 777 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705-2222, USA. Electronic address: david.kreling@wisc.edu.
⁴ Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, 410 West 10th Street, Suite 3000, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. Electronic address: sperkin1@iu.edu.
⁵ L.A. Net Community Health Resources Network, 800 East Ocean Blvd, Suite 104, Long Beach, CA, 90802(562), USA. Electronic address: Lyndee.knox@gmail.com.
⁶ Purdue University College of Pharmacy, Fifth Third Bank Building, 640 Eskenazi Avenue, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. Electronic address: adeoyeo@purdue.edu.
⁷ Purdue University College of Pharmacy, Fifth Third Bank Building, 640 Eskenazi Avenue, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. Electronic address: hrwoblew@iu.edu.
⁸ University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy 7-159 Weaver-Densford Hall 308 Harvard St. SE Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. Electronic address: schom010@umn.edu.
⁹ Purdue University College of Pharmacy, Fifth Third Bank Building, 640 Eskenazi Avenue, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. Electronic address: murawski@purdue.edu.
¹⁰ Sonderegger Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA. Electronic address: nsangasubana@gmail.com.
¹¹ University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy 7-159 Weaver-Densford Hall 308 Harvard St. SE Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. Electronic address: hill0667@umn.edu.
¹² University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, 4301 W. Markham St., #522-4, Little Rock, AR, 72205-7199, USA. Electronic address: currangeoffreym@uams.edu.

PMID: 33129685
PMCID: PMC7656051
DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.03.019

An evaluation of the spread and scale of PatientToc™ from primary care to community pharmacy practice for the collection of patient-reported outcomes: A study protocol

Margie E Snyder et al. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2021 Feb.

. 2021 Feb;17(2):466-474.

doi: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.03.019. Epub 2020 Apr 24.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Purdue University College of Pharmacy, Fifth Third Bank Building, 640 Eskenazi Avenue, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. Electronic address: snyderme@purdue.edu.
² University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy, 2523 Rennebohm Hall, 777 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705-2222, USA. Electronic address: betty.chewning@wisc.edu.
³ University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy, 2523 Rennebohm Hall, 777 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705-2222, USA. Electronic address: david.kreling@wisc.edu.
⁴ Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, 410 West 10th Street, Suite 3000, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. Electronic address: sperkin1@iu.edu.
⁵ L.A. Net Community Health Resources Network, 800 East Ocean Blvd, Suite 104, Long Beach, CA, 90802(562), USA. Electronic address: Lyndee.knox@gmail.com.
⁶ Purdue University College of Pharmacy, Fifth Third Bank Building, 640 Eskenazi Avenue, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. Electronic address: adeoyeo@purdue.edu.
⁷ Purdue University College of Pharmacy, Fifth Third Bank Building, 640 Eskenazi Avenue, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. Electronic address: hrwoblew@iu.edu.
⁸ University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy 7-159 Weaver-Densford Hall 308 Harvard St. SE Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. Electronic address: schom010@umn.edu.
⁹ Purdue University College of Pharmacy, Fifth Third Bank Building, 640 Eskenazi Avenue, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. Electronic address: murawski@purdue.edu.
¹⁰ Sonderegger Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA. Electronic address: nsangasubana@gmail.com.
¹¹ University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy 7-159 Weaver-Densford Hall 308 Harvard St. SE Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. Electronic address: hill0667@umn.edu.
¹² University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, 4301 W. Markham St., #522-4, Little Rock, AR, 72205-7199, USA. Electronic address: currangeoffreym@uams.edu.

PMID: 33129685
PMCID: PMC7656051
DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.03.019

Abstract

Background: Medication non-adherence is a problem of critical importance, affecting approximately 50% of all persons taking at least one regularly scheduled prescription medication and costing the United States more than $100 billion annually. Traditional data sources for identifying and resolving medication non-adherence in community pharmacies include prescription fill histories. However, medication possession does not necessarily mean patients are taking their medications as prescribed. Patient-reported outcomes (PROs), measuring adherence challenges pertaining to both remembering and intention to take medication, offer a rich data source for pharmacists and prescribers to use to resolve medication non-adherence. PatientToc™ is a PROs collection software developed to facilitate collection of PROs data from low-literacy and non-English speaking patients in Los Angeles.

Objectives: This study will evaluate the spread and scale of PatientToc™ from primary care to community pharmacies for the collection and use of PROs data pertaining to medication adherence.

Methods: The following implementation and evaluation steps will be conducted: 1) a pre-implementation developmental formative evaluation to determine community pharmacy workflow and current practices for identifying and resolving medication non-adherence, potential barriers and facilitators to PatientToc™ implementation, and to create a draft implementation toolkit, 2) two plan-do-study-act cycles to refine an implementation toolkit for spreading and scaling implementation of PatientToc™ in community pharmacies, and 3) a comprehensive, theory-driven evaluation of the quality of care, implementation, and patient health outcomes of spreading and scaling PatientToc™ to community pharmacies.

Expected impact: This research will inform long-term collection and use of PROs data pertaining to medication adherence in community pharmacies.

Keywords: Community pharmacy; Health information technology; Patient-reported outcomes.

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Figures

**Figure 1.**
Study Overview and Roles of Integrated Conceptual Frameworks

**Figure 2.**
Screenshots of PatientToc™

See this image and copyright information in PMC

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References

1. Iuga AO, McGuire MJ. Adherence and health care costs. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy 2014;7:35–44. doi:10.2147/RMHP.S19801. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Osterberg L, Blaschke T. Adherence to medication. N Engl J Med 2005;353(5):487–497. - PubMed
1. Simpson SH, Eurich DT, Majumdar SR, et al. A meta-analysis of the association between adherence to drug therapy and mortality. BMJ. 2006; 333(7557): 15. - PMC - PubMed
1. Sokol MC, McGuigan KA, Verbrugge RR, Epstein RS. Impact of medication adherence on hospitalization risk and healthcare cost. 2005;43:521–530. - PubMed
1. Johnson MJ. The Medication Adherence Model: a guide for assessing medication taking. Res Theory Nurs Pract 2002;16(3):179–92. - PubMed

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[1] Iuga AO, McGuire MJ. Adherence and health care costs. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy 2014;7:35–44. doi:10.2147/RMHP.S19801. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[2] Iuga AO, McGuire MJ. Adherence and health care costs. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy 2014;7:35–44. doi:10.2147/RMHP.S19801. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[3] Osterberg L, Blaschke T. Adherence to medication. N Engl J Med 2005;353(5):487–497. - PubMed

[4] Osterberg L, Blaschke T. Adherence to medication. N Engl J Med 2005;353(5):487–497. - PubMed

[5] Simpson SH, Eurich DT, Majumdar SR, et al. A meta-analysis of the association between adherence to drug therapy and mortality. BMJ. 2006; 333(7557): 15. - PMC - PubMed

[6] Simpson SH, Eurich DT, Majumdar SR, et al. A meta-analysis of the association between adherence to drug therapy and mortality. BMJ. 2006; 333(7557): 15. - PMC - PubMed

[7] Sokol MC, McGuigan KA, Verbrugge RR, Epstein RS. Impact of medication adherence on hospitalization risk and healthcare cost. 2005;43:521–530. - PubMed

[8] Sokol MC, McGuigan KA, Verbrugge RR, Epstein RS. Impact of medication adherence on hospitalization risk and healthcare cost. 2005;43:521–530. - PubMed

[9] Johnson MJ. The Medication Adherence Model: a guide for assessing medication taking. Res Theory Nurs Pract 2002;16(3):179–92. - PubMed

[10] Johnson MJ. The Medication Adherence Model: a guide for assessing medication taking. Res Theory Nurs Pract 2002;16(3):179–92. - PubMed

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An evaluation of the spread and scale of PatientToc™ from primary care to community pharmacy practice for the collection of patient-reported outcomes: A study protocol

Affiliations

An evaluation of the spread and scale of PatientToc™ from primary care to community pharmacy practice for the collection of patient-reported outcomes: A study protocol

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

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