The vertical-horizontal illusion is the overestimation of a vertical line compared to a horizontal line of the same length. Jackson and Cormack (2007) proposed that the vertical-horizontal illusion might be a byproduct of the mechanisms that generate the environmental vertical illusion, which is the tendency to overestimate vertical distances (i.e., heights) relative to horizontal distances the same length. In our study, 326 undergraduate participants stood atop an 18.6-meter parking structure and estimated both the height of the structure and the horizontal distance of a target placed 18.6 meters away, using a moveable horizontal target across the length of the structure. Participants also completed a vertical-horizontal illusion task by drawing a horizontal line below a 9.1 cm vertical line. We correlated vertical distance estimates with vertical line estimates to test Jackson and Cormack's byproduct hypothesis. This hypothesis was very weakly-if at all-supported by the data: Participants' overestimations in the vertical-horizontal illusion task explained 1% of the variance associated with their overestimations in the environmental vertical illusion task. Additionally, to test whether the environmental vertical illusion is impervious to explicit awareness, a random half of our participants were advised to be mindful that people tend to overestimate heights. The results supported our second hypothesis: Even when participants were made aware of the environmental vertical illusion, they still reliably overestimated heights. Discussion addressed implications for the robustness of the environmental vertical illusion (e.g., treatment of those with acrophobia).
Keywords: bias; distance perception; environmental vertical illusion; evolved navigation theory; vertical-horizontal illusion.