Wnt Signaling Shapes the Histologic Variation in Diffuse Gastric Cancer

Gastroenterology. 2021 Feb;160(3):823-830. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.10.047. Epub 2020 Nov 17.

Abstract

Background and aims: Diffuse-type gastric cancer (GC) is currently subdivided into signet-ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) and non-SRCC, referred to as poorly cohesive carcinoma not otherwise specified (PCC-NOS). Although these subtypes are considered to be independent, they often coexist in the same tumors, raising a question of whether they clonally differ or not. To tackle this question, we established an experimental platform for human diffuse GC that enables accurate modeling of histologic subtypes.

Methods: Seven patient-derived diffuse GC organoid lines were established, characterized by histopathologic analysis, in situ hybridization, and gene expression analysis. For genetic modeling of diffuse GC, we knocked out CDH1 and/or TP53 in human normal gastric organoids. Green fluorescent protein-labeled GC organoids were xenotransplanted into immune-deficient mice for in vivo assessment.

Results: PCC-NOS organoids transformed into SRCC-like structures on removal of Wnt and R-spondin from the culture medium. This morphologic change paralleled downregulation of Wnt-target and gastric stem cell genes, including LGR5, and elevation of differentiation markers, such as KRT20 and MUCs. The association between Wnt target gene expression and histologic subtypes was confirmed in 3 patient-derived GC tissues. In vivo, single clone-derived organoids formed tumors that comprised 2 distinct histologic compartments, each corresponding to SRCC and PCC-NOS. The transition from PCC-NOS to SRCC histology reflected the abundance of surrounding R-spondin-expressing fibroblasts.

Conclusions: SRCC and PCC-NOS were clonally identical, and their morphology was regulated by extracellular Wnt and R-spondin expression. Our results decoded how genetic mutations and the tumor environment shape pathohistologic and biologic phenotypes in human diffuse GCs.

Keywords: Cancer Stem Cell; Gastric Cancer; Signet-Ring Cell; Wnt.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Aged
  • Animals
  • Antigens, CD / genetics
  • Antigens, CD / metabolism
  • Cadherins / genetics
  • Cadherins / metabolism
  • Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell / genetics
  • Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell / parasitology*
  • Exome Sequencing
  • Female
  • Gastric Mucosa / cytology
  • Gastric Mucosa / pathology*
  • Gene Knockout Techniques
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Mice
  • Middle Aged
  • Organoids / pathology
  • Primary Cell Culture
  • RNA-Seq
  • Stomach Neoplasms / genetics
  • Stomach Neoplasms / pathology*
  • Thrombospondins
  • Tumor Cells, Cultured
  • Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / genetics
  • Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / metabolism
  • Wnt Signaling Pathway*
  • Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays

Substances

  • Antigens, CD
  • CDH1 protein, human
  • Cadherins
  • TP53 protein, human
  • Thrombospondins
  • Tumor Suppressor Protein p53