Atypical bilateral acute retinal necrosis in a coronavirus disease 2019 positive immunosuppressed patient

Abstract

Purpose: To present the clinical features of a rare case of atypical acute retinal necrosis in a Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) positive immunosuppressed patient.

Methods: Retrospective observational case report.

Results: A 75-year-old lady presented with a left eye pan uveitis picture with vitritis and extensive peripheral and mid-peripheral necrotising retinitis. In the right eye, she had a very mild superior peripheral retinitis with minimal anterior or vitreous inflammation. Two months prior to her diagnosis she completed a course of rituximab and chlorambucil chemotherapy for a relapse of diffuse large cell B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). The patient's nasopharyngeal swabs tested positive for COVID-19 in a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. The vitreous sample PCR tested positive for Varicella Zoster Virus and was negative for SARS-CoV-2.

Conclusion and significance: To the best of our knowledge this is the first description of a case that has undergone vitreous PCR testing for COVID-19. It is interesting to note the high level of vitreous inflammation which would not be expected in an immunosuppressed state. We present a number of possible links between the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the unusual ocular presentation of bilateral VZV viral retinitis in this patient.While extra ocular VZV outbreaks have been reported with rituximab treated patients, this report should also raise the awareness of VZV related viral retinitis in DLBCL patients on rituximab chemotherapy which is a very rare occurrence.This case may provide some evidence to healthcare policy makers who are making decisions regarding the re-introduction of routine Ophthalmic surgery.

Keywords: Uveitis; immunology; infectious endophthalmitis; posterior uveitis; retina; retinal herpetic infections; vitreous/endophthalmitis.