Association Between Prehospital Tranexamic Acid Administration and Outcomes of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

Abstract

Importance: The development and expansion of intracranial hematoma are associated with adverse outcomes. Use of tranexamic acid might limit intracranial hematoma formation, but its association with outcomes of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is unclear.

Objective: To assess whether prehospital administration of tranexamic acid is associated with mortality and functional outcomes in a group of patients with severe TBI.

Design, setting, and participants: This multicenter cohort study is an analysis of prospectively collected observational data from the Brain Injury: Prehospital Registry of Outcome, Treatments and Epidemiology of Cerebral Trauma (BRAIN-PROTECT) study in the Netherlands. Patients treated for suspected severe TBI by the Dutch Helicopter Emergency Medical Services between February 2012 and December 2017 were included. Patients were followed up for 1 year after inclusion. Data were analyzed from January 10, 2020, to September 10, 2020.

Exposures: Administration of tranexamic acid during prehospital treatment.

Main outcomes and measures: The primary outcome was 30-day mortality. Secondary outcomes included mortality at 1 year, functional neurological recovery at discharge (measured by Glasgow Outcome Scale), and length of hospital stay. Data were also collected on demographic factors, preinjury medical condition, injury characteristics, operational characteristics, and prehospital vital parameters.

Results: A total of 1827 patients were analyzed, of whom 1283 (70%) were male individuals and the median (interquartile range) age was 45 (23-65) years. In the unadjusted analysis, higher 30-day mortality was observed in patients who received prehospital tranexamic acid (odds ratio [OR], 1.34; 95% CI, 1.16-1.55; P < .001), compared with patients who did not receive prehospital tranexamic acid. After adjustment for confounders, no association between prehospital administration of tranexamic acid and mortality was found across the entire cohort of patients. However, a substantial increase in the odds of 30-day mortality persisted in patients with severe isolated TBI who received prehospital tranexamic acid (OR, 4.49; 95% CI, 1.57-12.87; P = .005) and after multiple imputations (OR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.22-3.45; P = .007).

Conclusions and relevance: This study found that prehospital tranexamic acid administration was associated with increased mortality in patients with isolated severe TBI, suggesting the judicious use of the drug when no evidence for extracranial hemorrhage is present.

Figure.. Adjusted Survival Probability

Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate the adjusted survival probability for patients who received vs patients who did not receive tranexamic acid during prehospital treatment. Because the estimated survival function depends on the values and levels of all covariates, the depicted absolute values are just illustrative examples but are less relevant than the difference between the lines. In the full cohort (A) and the confirmed traumatic brain injury (TBI) cohort (B), tranexamic acid had a minimal and statistically nonsignificant association with survival (curves lie close to each other). In contrast, a marked association was observed in patients with isolated TBI after rigorous adjustment for potential confounders (C).