Cell proliferation and quiescence are intimately coordinated during metazoan development. Here, we adapt a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) sensor to uncouple these key events of the cell cycle in Caenorhabditis elegans and zebrafish through live-cell imaging. The CDK sensor consists of a fluorescently tagged CDK substrate that steadily translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in response to increasing CDK activity and consequent sensor phosphorylation. We show that the CDK sensor can distinguish cycling cells in G1 from quiescent cells in G0, revealing a possible commitment point and a cryptic stochasticity in an otherwise invariant C. elegans cell lineage. Finally, we derive a predictive model of future proliferation behavior in C. elegans based on a snapshot of CDK activity in newly born cells. Thus, we introduce a live-cell imaging tool to facilitate in vivo studies of cell-cycle control in a wide-range of developmental contexts.
Keywords: C. elegans; CDK sensor; G1/G0; cell biology; cell cycle; cell proliferation; developmental biology; quiescence; zebrafish.
All living things are made up of cells that form the different tissues, organs and structures of an organism. The human body, for example, is thought to consist of some 37 trillion cells and harbor over 200 cell types. To maintain a working organism, cells divide to create new cells and replace the ones that have died. Cell division is a tightly controlled process consisting of several steps, and cells continuously face a Shakespearean dilemma of deciding whether to continue dividing (also known as cell proliferation) or to halt the process (known as quiescence). This difficult balancing act is critical during all stages of life, from embryonic development to tissue growth in an adult. Problems in the underlying pathways can result in diseases such as cancer. Cell division is driven by proteins called CDKs, which help cells to complete their cell cycle in the correct sequence. To gain more insight into this complex process, scientists have developed tools for monitoring CDKs. One such tool is a fluorescent biosensor, a molecule that can be inserted into cells that glows and moves in response to CDK activity. The biosensor can be studied and measured in each cell using a microscope. Adikes, Kohrman, Martinez et al. adapted and optimized an existing CDK biosensor to help study cell division and the switch between proliferation and quiescence in two common research organisms, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the zebrafish. Analysis of this biosensor showed that CDK activity at the end of cell division is higher if the cells will divide again but is low if the cells are going to become quiescent. This could suggest that the decision of a cell between proliferation and quiescence may happen earlier than expected. The optimized biosensor is sensitive enough to detect these differences and can even measure variations that influence proliferation in a region on C. elegans that was once thought to be unchanging. The development of this biosensor provides a useful research tool that could be used in other living organisms. Many research questions relate to cell division and so the applications of this tool are wide ranging.
© 2020, Adikes et al.