Arsenic is a natural chemical element that is strongly associated with bladder cancer. Understanding the underlying mechanisms behind the association between arsenic and bladder cancer as well as identifying effective preventive interventions will help reduce the incidence and mortality of this disease. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cell (CSC) properties play key roles in cancer development and progression. Here, we reported that chronic exposure to arsenic resulted in EMT and increased levels of the CSC marker CD44 in human uroepithelial cells. Furthermore, IL-8 promoted a mesenchymal phenotype and upregulated CD44 by activating the ERK, AKT and STAT3 signaling. Phosphorylation of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) was key for arsenic-induced IL-8 overexpression and depended on the simultaneous activation of the MAPK, JNK, PI3K/AKT and GSK3β signaling pathways. We also found that genistein inhibited arsenic-induced HER2 phosphorylation and downregulated its downstream signaling pathways, thereby inhibiting progression of EMT, and reducing CD44 expression levels. These results demonstrate that the HER2/IL-8 axis is related to the acquisition of an EMT phenotype and CSCs in arsenic-treated cells. The inhibitory effects of genistein on EMT and CSCs provide a new perspective for the intervention and potential chemotherapy against arsenic-induced bladder cancer.
Keywords: Arsenic; CSC; Cancer; EMT; Genistein.
Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.