Neuronal fate acquisition and specification: time for a change

Abstract

During embryonic development, neural stem/progenitor cells generate hundreds of different cell types through the combination of intrinsic and extrinsic cues. Recent data obtained in mouse and human cortical neurogenesis provide novel views about this interplay and how it evolves with time, whether during irreversible cell fate transitions that neural stem cells undergo to become neurons, or through gradual temporal changes of competence that lead to increased neuronal diversity from a common stem cell pool. In each case the temporal changes result from a dynamic balance between intracellular states and extracellular signalling factors. The underlying mechanisms are mostly conserved across species, but some display unique features in human corticogenesis, thereby linking temporal features of neurogenesis and human brain evolution.