Radiologic anatomy of the round window relevant to cochlear implantation and inner ear drug delivery

Peter L Nguy; Sheela Saidha; Ann Jay; H Jeffrey Kim; Michael Hoa

doi:10.1016/j.wjorl.2018.12.003

Radiologic anatomy of the round window relevant to cochlear implantation and inner ear drug delivery

World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020 Jun 20;7(1):9-16. doi: 10.1016/j.wjorl.2018.12.003. eCollection 2021 Jan.

Authors

Peter L Nguy¹, Sheela Saidha², Ann Jay³, H Jeffrey Kim¹, Michael Hoa¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA.
² Department of Otolaryngology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
³ Department of Radiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA.

Abstract

Objective: To determine anatomic relationships and variation of the round window membrane to bony surgical landmarks on computed tomography.

Study design: Retrospective imaging review.

Methods: 100 temporal bone images were evaluated. Direct measurements were obtained for membrane position. Vector distances and angulation from umbo and bony annulus were calculated from image viewer software coordinates.

Results: The angle of round window membrane at junction with cochlear basal turn was (42.1 ± 8.6)°. The membrane's position relative to plane of the facial nerve through facial recess was (14.7 ± 5.2)° posterior from a reference line drawn through facial recess to carotid canal. Regarding transtympanic drug delivery, the round window membrane was directed 4.1 mm superiorly from the inferior annulus and 5.4 mm anteriorly from the posterior annulus. The round window membrane on average was angled superiorly from the inferior annulus (77.1 ± 27.9)° and slightly anteriorly from the posterior annulus (19.1 ± 11.1°). The mean distance of round window membrane from umbo was 4 mm and posteriorly rotated 30° clockwise from a perpendicular drawn from umbo to inferior annulus towards posterior annulus. Together, these measurements approximate the round window membrane in the tympanic membrane's posteroinferior quadrant.

Conclusions: These radiologic measurements demonstrate normal variations seen in round window anatomy relative to facial recess approach and bony tympanic annulus, providing a baseline to assess round window insertion for cochlear implantation and outlines anatomic factors affecting transtympanic drug delivery.

Keywords: Cochlear implantation; Computed tomography; Round window; Transtympanic drug delivery.