Role of the gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes and related diseases

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes is the fastest-growing metabolic disease in the world. Many clinical studies have found that type 2 diabetes patients have metabolic disorders and chronic inflammatory states accompanied by disturbances in the gut microbiota. The gut microbiota plays an important role in body metabolism and immune regulation, and disturbances in the gut microbiota in conjunction with destruction of the intestinal barrier in type 2 diabetes patients causes damage to multiple organs. Therefore, the gut microbiota may be a new therapeutic target for treating type 2 diabetes and related diseases. In this review, we introduce the characteristics of the gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes and related diseases, as well as highlight the potential molecular mechanisms of their effects on intestinal barrier disruption, metabolic disorders, and chronic inflammation. Finally, we summarize an intestinal microecological therapeutic strategy, with a focus on shaping the intestinal bacteria, to improve the malignant progress of type 2 diabetes and related diseases. AUTHOR SUMMARY: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is the fastest-growing metabolic disease in the world. Many clinical studies have found that T2D patients have metabolic disorders and chronic inflammatory states, accompanied by disturbances of the gut microbiota and increased intestinal permeability. The number of human gut microbiota is more than 10 times of human cells, and they play an important role in the body's metabolism and immune regulation. The abnormal intestinal metabolites and intestinal barrier disruption caused by the gut microbiota dysbiosis in the T2D facilitate intestinal bacteria and their harmful metabolites entering the circulatory system. The abnormal entering will cause the damage to multiple organs through disturbing insulin sensitivity, glucose metabolism, and immune homeostasis. Therefore, the gut microbiota may be a new therapeutic target for improving T2D and its related diseases. In this review, we introduce the compositional characteristics of the gut microbiota in T2D, and highlight some new molecular mechanisms of their effects on intestinal barrier disruption, metabolic disorders and chronic inflammation in T2D and its related diseases. Finally, we summarize an intestinal microecological therapeutic strategy, with a focus on shaping the intestinal bacteria, to improve the malignant progress of T2D and related diseases.

Keywords: Diabetic cardiovascular disease; Diabetic nephropathy; Diabetic retinopathy; Gut microbiota; Gut microbiota metabolites; Intestinal barrier; Microbiological therapy; Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; Type 2 diabetes.