Fe3O4 nanoparticles-based magnetic Mo(VI) surface ion-imprinted polymer (Mo(VI)-MIIP) was elaborated employing 4-vinyl pyridine as a functional monomer. The adsorbent preparation was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometer, thermogravimetric analysis, and surface area analysis. Batch adsorption experiments showed that the maximum adsorption capacity of Mo(VI)-MIIP was 296.40 mg g-1 at pH 3, while that of the magnetic non-imprinted polymer (MNIP) was only 147.10 mg g-1. The adsorption isotherm model was well fitted by the Langmuir isotherm model. The adsorption experiments revealed that Mo(VI)-MIIP reached adsorption equilibrium within 30 min, and the kinetics data fitting showed that the pseudo-second-order kinetics model suitably described the adsorption process. Mo(VI)-MIIP exhibited an excellent adsorption selectivity to Mo(VI) in binary mixtures of Mo(VI)/Cr(VI), Mo(VI)/Cu(II), Mo(VI)/H2PO44-, Mo(VI)/Zn(II), and Mo(VI)/I-, with relative selectivity coefficients toward MNIP of 13.71, 30.27, 20.01, 23.53, and 15.89, respectively. After six consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles, the adsorption capacity of Mo(VI)-MIIP decreased by 9.5% (from 228.4 mg g-1 to 206.7 mg g-1 at initial Mo(VI) concentration of 250 mg L-1), demonstrating its reusability.