The health impact of substituting unprocessed red meat by pulses in the Danish diet

Abstract

Background: Diets consisting of high amounts of animal-based protein have been associated with adverse public health effects and are often deemed environmentally unsustainable. Therefore, replacing red meat by pulses has been proposed to reduce the adverse impact on human health and environment. However, unprocessed red meat is an important source of nutrients, such as vitamin B₁₂, iron, zinc and selenium, and the substitution may have negative impact on nutrient adequacy.

Method: Using a risk-benefit assessment (RBA) approach, we, therefore, estimated the health impact of substituting unprocessed red meat by pulses on the burden of non-communicable diseases in Denmark, using Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY). Furthermore, we assessed the impact of the substitution on nutrient adequacy.

Results: We found that 187 (95% UI: 209; 168) healthy years of life could be gained per 100,000 individuals per year by substituting 100% of unprocessed red meat by pulses in the Danish diet. We found a decrease in the intake of vitamin B₁₂, zinc and selenium due to the substitution. An additional 10% of the Danish population will become at risk of vitamin B₁₂ and selenium inadequacy, and an additional 20% will be at risk of zinc inadequacy due to the substitution. For iron, a small decrease in the proportion at risk of inadequacy was found.

Conclusion: Substitution of unprocessed red meat by pulses was estimated to provide a beneficial health impact on the burden of non-communicable disease, expressed in DALY. Additionally, it was found that the complete substitution will lead to a higher risk of nutrient inadequacies.

Keywords: Disability-adjusted life years (DALY); Food substitution; Health impact; Non-communicable diseases; Nutrient inadequacy; Risk–benefit assessment (RBA).