Literature review of distal deep vein thrombosis

Abstract

Objective: Although distal deep vein thrombosis (DDVT) has been more frequently diagnosed with the availability of better ultrasound imaging quality, the data on the best method to manage DDVT have been conflicting. The aim of the present review was to summarize the current and evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and management of DDVT and to provide a summary of the most recent societal guideline recommendations.

Methods: A literature review of DDVT was performed. The PubMed databases were queried for articles on the epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and management of DDVT.

Results: The prevalence of isolated DDVT has been reported in a broad range. The reported risk factors include older age, active malignancy, a low degree of mobility, acute infection, and atrial fibrillation. With more evidence, anticoagulation therapy was found to be associated with a reduced risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) and/or thrombus propagation compared with conservative management. However, anticoagulation was associated with an increased risk of bleeding in a number of studies. The rate of VTE recurrence ranged from 7% to 23% during a follow-up period ranging from 3 months to 8 years. The significant risk factors for VTE recurrence included cancer, older age, an unprovoked event, and inpatient status.

Conclusions: Few studies have addressed the diagnosis and management of DDVT. Further research is needed to standardize the best approach to diagnose and treat DDVT.

Keywords: Diagnosis; Distal deep vein thrombosis; Management; Outcome.