Short-term high-fat diet induces cognitive decline, aggression, and anxiety-like behavior in adult zebrafish

Abstract

Obesity is a global health problem with high prevalence and defined by a high body mass index (BMI). Several comorbidities affecting the central nervous system (CNS) are associated with obesity (e.g., neurodegenerative diseases, cognitive deficit, and psychobehavioral disturbs). The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been considered a suitable model organism to investigate the neurobehavioral features of various human diseases. Here, we verify the impact of a high-fat diet (HFD) on the CNS by specifically assessing the effects of short-term HFD on anxiety-like responses, aggression, social preference, and memory, which are essential behaviors for survival and reproduction. Animals were separated in three experimental groups. The standard diet group (SD) received 7.5 mg/fish of dry food, while HFD groups received 5 mg/fish dry food plus 7.5 (HFD-7.5) or 15 mg/fish (HFD-15) of chicken egg yolk daily. Dietary fat content (w/w) was approximately 6.5%, 16.9%, and 21.1%, respectively. We performed behavioral tests and morphometric analyses after two weeks of HFD. In comparison to SD animals, HFD groups showed typical obesogenic responses with increases in BMI, abdominal length, and body weight. HFD individuals also showed increased aggression and anxiety-like behaviors in the mirror-induced aggression and novel tank diving tests, respectively. Interestingly, HFD did not change the social preference behavior, mean swimming speed or spontaneous activity levels, while the HFD-15 group showed cognitive deficits in the inhibitory avoidance test. Collectively, this "proof-of-concept" study is the first report to characterize the effects of short-term HFD on different behavioral domains of zebrafish with high degree of face validity. Moreover, our data reinforce the growing utility of zebrafish to explore the neurobehavioral basis of obesity, providing clinically translatable data, complementing the existing rodent models and supporting future mechanistic studies.

Keywords: Anxiety-like behavior; Cognitive dysfunction; Obesity; Psychobehavioral disturb; Zebrafish.