Graves' orbitopathy: a multidisciplinary approach

Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2021 Jun;65(2):157-171. doi: 10.23736/S1824-4785.21.03350-1. Epub 2021 Feb 26.

Abstract

Orbitopathy is the main extra thyroidal manifestation of Graves' disease. It is a very challenging condition, which requires a cooperation between many specialists (endocrinologists, ophthalmologists, radiologists, radiotherapeutic, orbital surgeons) for an optimal clinical management. An accurate diagnostic assessment is required, in order to plan an adequate treatment of Graves' orbitopathy. Medical therapy, radiotherapy or surgery may be necessary to control the disease. In this review, the authors analyze the various therapeutic strategies, as well the more recent therapies based on pharmacologic immunomodulation.

Publication types

  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Age Factors
  • Antithyroid Agents / pharmacology*
  • Combined Modality Therapy
  • Diabetes Mellitus
  • Graves Ophthalmopathy / diagnosis*
  • Graves Ophthalmopathy / surgery*
  • Graves Ophthalmopathy / therapy*
  • Humans
  • Iodine Radioisotopes / pharmacology*
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Quality of Life
  • Risk Assessment
  • Sex Factors
  • Smoking
  • Thyroid Gland
  • Tomography Scanners, X-Ray Computed
  • Ultrasonography

Substances

  • Antithyroid Agents
  • Iodine Radioisotopes