Introduction to the SIMPLE Macro, a Tool to Increase the Accessibility of 24-Hour Dietary Recall Analysis and Modeling

Abstract

Background: Information on long-term dietary intake is often required for research or program planning, but surveys routinely use short-term assessments such as 24-h recalls (24HRs). Methods to reduce the impact of within-person variation in 24HRs, such as the National Cancer Institute (NCI) method, typically require extensive training and skill.

Objectives: We introduce the Simulating Intake of Micronutrients for Policy Learning and Engagement (SIMPLE) macro, a new tool to increase the accessibility of 24HR analysis. We explain the underlying theory behind the tool and provide examples of potential applications.

Methods: The SIMPLE macro connects the core NCI statistical code to estimate usual intake distributions and includes additional code to enable advanced analyses such as predictive modeling. The related SIMPLE-Iron macro applies the full probability method to estimate inadequate iron intake, and the SIMPLE-1D macro is used for descriptive or modeling analyses of data with a single 24HR per person. The macros and associated documentations are freely available. We analyzed data from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and the Cameroon National Micronutrient Survey to compare the SIMPLE macro to 1) the core NCI code using the Estimated Average Requirement cut point method, and 2) the IMAPP software for iron only, and to demonstrate the applications of the SIMPLE macro for estimating usual intake and predictive modeling.

Results: The SIMPLE macro generates identical results to the core NCI code. The SIMPLE-Iron macro also produces estimates of inadequate iron intake comparable to the IMAPP software. The examples demonstrate application of the SIMPLE macro to 1) descriptive analyses of nutrient intake from food and supplements (NHANES), and 2) analyses accounting for breast-milk nutrient intake and modeling fortification and supplementation programs (Cameroon).

Conclusions: The SIMPLE macros may facilitate the analysis and modeling of dietary data to inform nutrition research, programs, and policy.

Keywords: 24-h dietary recalls; National Cancer Institute; dietary analysis; dietary modeling; micronutrients.