Chronic kidney disease (CKD) in diabetes mellitus includes diabetic kidney disease (DKD), non-diabetic kidney disease (NDKD) or a combination of NDKD and DKD. The clinical and renal pathological manifestations of DKD in type 1 diabetes are different from those in type 2 diabetes. Renal biopsy histopathology is the gold standard for distinguishing DKD from NDKD. However, based on the same pathological diagnosis, DKD patients may still have different disease progression and prognosis due to individual differences in molecular biological mechanisms. Metabonomics, proteomics, transcriptomics and artificial intelligence offer hope for biomarkers to diagnose and predict the progress of DKD.
糖尿病中的慢性肾脏病（CKD）包括糖尿病肾病（DKD）、非DKD（NDKD）或NDKD和DKD的组合。1型糖尿病中的DKD在临床和肾组织病理表现上均与2型糖尿病的DKD有所不同，肾穿刺组织病理学是鉴别DKD和NDKD的金标准。然而基于同样的病理诊断，DKD患者仍然可以因为分子生物学机制的个体化差异，导致病程的进展和预后各不相同，代谢组学、蛋白组学、转录组学以及人工智能为探索诊断和预测DKD进展的生物标志物带来了希望。.