The "Vesicular Intelligence" Strategy of Blood Cancers

doi:10.3390/genes12030416

Review

. 2021 Mar 13;12(3):416.

doi: 10.3390/genes12030416.

The "Vesicular Intelligence" Strategy of Blood Cancers

Dorian Forte¹, Martina Barone¹, Francesca Palandri², Lucia Catani^{1

2}

Affiliations

¹ IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine, Institute of Hematology "Seràgnoli", University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
² IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Institute of Hematology "Seràgnoli", University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy.

PMID: 33805807
PMCID: PMC7999060
DOI: 10.3390/genes12030416

Review

The "Vesicular Intelligence" Strategy of Blood Cancers

Dorian Forte et al. Genes (Basel). 2021.

. 2021 Mar 13;12(3):416.

doi: 10.3390/genes12030416.

Authors

Dorian Forte¹, Martina Barone¹, Francesca Palandri², Lucia Catani^{1

2}

Affiliations

¹ IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine, Institute of Hematology "Seràgnoli", University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
² IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Institute of Hematology "Seràgnoli", University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy.

PMID: 33805807
PMCID: PMC7999060
DOI: 10.3390/genes12030416

Abstract

Blood cancers are a heterogeneous group of disorders including leukemia, multiple myeloma, and lymphoma. They may derive from the clonal evolution of the hemopoietic stem cell compartment or from the transformation of progenitors with immune potential. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound nanovesicles which are released by cells into body fluids with a role in intercellular communication in physiology and pathology, including cancer. EV cargos are enriched in nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, and these molecules can be delivered to target cells to influence their biological properties and modify surrounding or distant targets. In this review, we will describe the "smart strategy" on how blood cancer-derived EVs modulate tumor cell development and maintenance. Moreover, we will also depict the function of microenvironment-derived EVs in blood cancers and discuss how the interplay between tumor and microenvironment affects blood cancer cell growth and spreading, immune response, angiogenesis, thrombogenicity, and drug resistance. The potential of EVs as non-invasive biomarkers will be also discussed. Lastly, we discuss the clinical application viewpoint of EVs in blood cancers. Overall, blood cancers apply a 'vesicular intelligence' strategy to spread signals over their microenvironment, promoting the development and/or maintenance of the malignant clone.

Keywords: angiogenesis; blood cancers; bone marrow microenvironment; disease biomarker; drug resistance; extracellular vesicles; hypercoagulability; immune evasion.

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Conflict of interest statement

All authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

**Figure 1**
Main characteristics of the three major subpopulations of extracellular vesicles: exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies in terms of size, biogenesis, main markers, and content [9,13,14,20].

**Figure 2**
Timeline of key discoveries in EVs from leukemia.

**Figure 3**
Timeline of key discoveries in EVs from Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

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References

1. Trino S., Lamorte D., Caivano A., De Luca L., Sgambato A., Laurenzana I. Clinical relevance of extracellular vesicles in hematological neoplasms: From liquid biopsy to cell biopsy. Leukemia. 2020;35:661–678. doi: 10.1038/s41375-020-01104-1. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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1. Litwinska Z., Luczkowska K., Machalinski B. Extracellular vesicles in hematological malignancies. Leuk. Lymphoma. 2019;60:29–36. doi: 10.1080/10428194.2018.1459606. - DOI - PubMed
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[1] Trino S., Lamorte D., Caivano A., De Luca L., Sgambato A., Laurenzana I. Clinical relevance of extracellular vesicles in hematological neoplasms: From liquid biopsy to cell biopsy. Leukemia. 2020;35:661–678. doi: 10.1038/s41375-020-01104-1. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[2] Trino S., Lamorte D., Caivano A., De Luca L., Sgambato A., Laurenzana I. Clinical relevance of extracellular vesicles in hematological neoplasms: From liquid biopsy to cell biopsy. Leukemia. 2020;35:661–678. doi: 10.1038/s41375-020-01104-1. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[3] Longjohn M.N., Hudson J.B.J., Smith N.C., Rise M.L., Moorehead P.C., Christian S.L. Deciphering the messages carried by extracellular vesicles in hematological malignancies. Blood Rev. 2020;46:100734. doi: 10.1016/j.blre.2020.100734. - DOI - PubMed

[4] Longjohn M.N., Hudson J.B.J., Smith N.C., Rise M.L., Moorehead P.C., Christian S.L. Deciphering the messages carried by extracellular vesicles in hematological malignancies. Blood Rev. 2020;46:100734. doi: 10.1016/j.blre.2020.100734. - DOI - PubMed

[5] Gargiulo E., Paggetti J., Moussay E. Hematological Malignancy-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles and Tumor Microenvironment: The Art of Turning Foes into Friends. Cells. 2019;8:511. doi: 10.3390/cells8050511. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[6] Gargiulo E., Paggetti J., Moussay E. Hematological Malignancy-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles and Tumor Microenvironment: The Art of Turning Foes into Friends. Cells. 2019;8:511. doi: 10.3390/cells8050511. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[7] Litwinska Z., Luczkowska K., Machalinski B. Extracellular vesicles in hematological malignancies. Leuk. Lymphoma. 2019;60:29–36. doi: 10.1080/10428194.2018.1459606. - DOI - PubMed

[8] Litwinska Z., Luczkowska K., Machalinski B. Extracellular vesicles in hematological malignancies. Leuk. Lymphoma. 2019;60:29–36. doi: 10.1080/10428194.2018.1459606. - DOI - PubMed

[9] Ball S., Nugent K. Microparticles in Hematological Malignancies: Role in Coagulopathy and Tumor Pathogenesis. Am. J. Med. Sci. 2018;355:207–214. doi: 10.1016/j.amjms.2017.11.014. - DOI - PubMed

[10] Ball S., Nugent K. Microparticles in Hematological Malignancies: Role in Coagulopathy and Tumor Pathogenesis. Am. J. Med. Sci. 2018;355:207–214. doi: 10.1016/j.amjms.2017.11.014. - DOI - PubMed

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The "Vesicular Intelligence" Strategy of Blood Cancers

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The "Vesicular Intelligence" Strategy of Blood Cancers

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