Structural Glycoprotein E2 of Classical Swine Fever Virus Critically Interacts with Host Protein Torsin-1A during the Virus Infectious Cycle

Abstract

The classical swine fever virus (CSFV) glycoprotein E2 is the major structural component of the virus particle. E2 is involved in several functions, such as virus adsorption to the cell, the elicitation of protective immune responses, and virus virulence in swine. Using a yeast two-hybrid system, we previously identified the swine host protein Torsin-1A, an ATPase protein residing in the endoplasmic reticulum and inner nucleus membrane of the cell, as a specific binding partner for E2. The interaction between Torsin-1A and E2 proteins was confirmed to occur in CSFV-infected swine cells using three independent methods: coimmunoprecipitation, confocal microscopy, and proximity ligation assay (PLA). Furthermore, the E2 residue critical to mediate the protein-protein interaction with Torsin-1A was identified by a reverse yeast two-hybrid assay using a randomly mutated E2 library. A recombinant CSFV E2 mutant protein with a Q316L substitution failed to bind swine Torsin-1A in the yeast two-hybrid model. In addition, a CSFV infectious clone harboring the E2 Q316L substitution, although expressing substantial levels of E2 protein, repetitively failed to produce virus progeny when the corresponding RNA was transfected into susceptible SK6 cells. Importantly, PLA analysis of the transfected cells demonstrated an abolishment of the interaction between E2 Q316L and Torsin-1A, indicating a critical role for that interaction during CSFV replication.IMPORTANCE Structural glycoprotein E2 is an important structural component of the CSFV particle. E2 is involved in several virus functions, particularly virus-host interactions. Here, we characterized the interaction between CSFV E2 and swine protein Torsin-1A during virus infection. The critical amino acid residue in E2 mediating the interaction with Torsin-1A was identified and the effect of disrupting the E2-Torsin-1A protein-protein interaction was studied using reverse genetics. It is shown that the amino acid substitution abrogating E2-Torsin-1A interaction constitutes a lethal mutation, demonstrating that this virus-host protein-protein interaction is a critical factor during CSFV replication. This highlights the potential importance of the E2-Torsin-1A protein-protein interaction during CSFV replication and provides a potential pathway toward blocking virus replication, an important step toward the potential development of novel virus countermeasures.

Keywords: CSF; CSFV; E2; Torsin; classical swine fever.