Relationship between ambient temperature and severe acute poisoning by alcohol and drugs

Abstract

Aim: To test the hypothesis that severe acute poisoning by alcohol and drugs is more frequent at higher rather than at lower ambient temperatures.

Method: This was a prospective observational study performed in a prehospital setting under marine west coast climate conditions. Data from the Emergency Medical Service in Hamburg (Germany) and data from the local weather station were evaluated over a 5-year period. Temperature data were obtained and matched with the associated rescue mission data, which were divided into the following groups: 1) alcohol poisoning, 2) opioid poisoning, 3) poisoning by sedatives/hypnotics, multiple drugs, volatile solvents, and other psychoactive substances. Lowess-Regression analysis was performed to assess the relationship between ambient temperature and frequency of severe acute poisoning. Additionally, three temperature ranges were defined in order to compare them with each other with regard to frequency of severe poisoning (<10 °C vs. 10-20 °C vs. >20 °C). The severity of emergencies was assessed using the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) scoring system.

Results: In 1535 patients, severe acute alcohol or drug poisoning associated with loss of consciousness, hypotension, and impaired respiratory function was treated (alcohol: n = 604; opioids: n = 295; sedatives/hypnotics/multiple drugs: n = 636). Compared to mild temperatures (10-20 °C), the frequency of poisoning increased in all three groups at higher temperatures and decreased at lower temperatures (p < 0.01). No significant correlation was found between severity of emergencies and temperature.

Conclusions: Our results suggest a continuously increasing probability of occurrence of severe acute poisoning by alcohol and drugs with rising temperature.

Keywords: Alcohol consumption; Emergency medical services; Ethanol; Hypnotics and sedatives; Temperature.