Antiviral screening on Alpinia eremochlamys, Etlingera flexuosa, and Etlingera acanthoides extracts against HIV-infected MT-4 cells

Muhammad Sulaiman Zubair; Siti Qamariyah Khairunisa; Agustinus Widodo; Nasronudin; Ramadanil Pitopang

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06710

Antiviral screening on Alpinia eremochlamys, Etlingera flexuosa, and Etlingera acanthoides extracts against HIV-infected MT-4 cells

Heliyon. 2021 Apr 8;7(4):e06710. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06710. eCollection 2021 Apr.

Authors

Muhammad Sulaiman Zubair¹, Siti Qamariyah Khairunisa², Agustinus Widodo¹, Nasronudin^{2

3}, Ramadanil Pitopang⁴

Affiliations

¹ Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, Tadulako University, Palu 94118, Indonesia.
² Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia.
³ Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia.
⁴ Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Tadulako University, Palu 94118, Indonesia.

Abstract

Alpinia eremochlamys K. Schum, Etlingera flexuosa A.D. Poulsen, and Etlingera acanthoides A.D. Poulsen are endemic Zingiberaceae plants from Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. This study is the first report on screening the potential antiviral activity of ethanol extracts of the leaves, pseudostems, and rhizomes parts on HIV-infected MT-4 cells and identifying chemical constituents by GC-MS. The plants were extracted by the maceration method using 96% ethanol as a solvent. The antiviral activity was measured using Viral-ToxGlo colorimetric method and using the extracts at concentrations ranging from 7.8 to 1000 μg/mL. GC-MS was used to identify the secondary metabolites of potential extracts. The results showed that ethanol extract of E. acanthoides rhizome was the most potent antiviral activity (IC₅₀ of 1.74 ± 2.46 μg/mL) and less toxic on lymphocyte (MT-4) cells (CC₅₀ of 204.90 ± 106.35 μg/mL), affording the highest value of selectivity index (SI) of 117.76. A. eremochlamys rhizomes also showed promising antiviral activity with IC₅₀ of 64.18 ± 2.58 μg/mL and no toxicity on MT-4 cells affording a high SI value 19.05. Preliminary GC-MS identification showed the presence of terpenoids and fatty acids as major compounds. Zerumbone, ar-turmerone, caryophyllene, and caryophyllene oxide were also detected. Chemical constituents identified by GC-MS might be responsible for the antiviral activity of extracts, suggesting further isolation and antiviral testing of the purified compounds.

Keywords: Endemic; GC-MS; HIV-1; MT-4; Zingiberaceae.