Objectives: In this study, we summarize current evidence on learning health behaviors through modeling, thereby offering greater insight into the predictors of modeling's effectiveness on health behavior change. Methods: We searched 5 electronic bases (PubMed, ProQuest New Platform, EBSCOHost, ERIC, and ScienceDirect) drawing on articles from January 1986 to April 2018. In addition, we performed follow-up searches of unique citations from identified articles. Results: Overall, our search identified 3339 articles. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, we reviewed 20 qualifying articles across 4 conditions of role modeling: attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation. Characteristics of role models and observers, use of technology to promote the modeling of health behavior, and use of peers as role models emerged as predictive factors related to attention; types of information and adherence to a specific timeframe were related to retention. Opportunity to practice a modeled health behavior and a specific timeframe to perform what was observed were key elements for motor reproduction. Support by significant others, self-efficacy, self-regulation, and policy incentives were predictive of sustained motivation. Conclusions: This review highlights several predictive factors in each situation in learning healthy behavior through role modeling. Identification and application of these factors may increase health behavior adoption.