Diagnosis and Staging of Bladder Cancer

Hamed Ahmadi; Vinay Duddalwar; Siamak Daneshmand

doi:10.1016/j.hoc.2021.02.004

Diagnosis and Staging of Bladder Cancer

Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2021 Jun;35(3):531-541. doi: 10.1016/j.hoc.2021.02.004. Epub 2021 Apr 15.

Authors

Hamed Ahmadi¹, Vinay Duddalwar², Siamak Daneshmand³

Affiliations

¹ Department of Urology, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 7416, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
² Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
³ Department of Urology, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 7416, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, USC Institute of Urology, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 7416, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA. Electronic address: daneshma@med.usc.edu.

PMID: 33958149
DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2021.02.004

Abstract

Cystoscopic examination remains the gold standard technique for initial diagnosis of bladder cancer (BCa). Despite significant progress in enhanced cystoscopic techniques, blue light cystoscopy and narrow band imaging are the only ones well supported by high-level evidence and, if available, should be used during initial staging of BCa. Multiparametric MRI could be an important imaging tool in local staging of BCa. With ever-expanding targeted therapy and immunotherapy options in both muscle-invasive and non-muscle-invasive BCa, molecular subtyping could become an essential part of initial histologic staging in the near future.

Keywords: Bladder cancer; Diagnosis; Enhanced cystoscopy; Imaging; Staging; Transurethral resection of bladder tumor.

Publication types

Review

MeSH terms

Cystoscopy
Humans
Neoplasm Staging
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms* / diagnostic imaging
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms* / pathology
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms* / therapy