1 Breathe Chicago Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States.
2 Population Health Sciences Program, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States.
3 Department of Medicine, Institute for Healthcare Delivery and Population Science, University of Massachusetts Medical School - Baystate, Springfield, Massachusetts, United States.
4 Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States.
5 Health Services Research and Development, VA Puget Sound, Seattle, Washington, United States.
6 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States.
7 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States.
8 Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation, and Policy, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States.
9 Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States.