Purpose: Examine changes in sleep duration by 3 behavioral phenotypes during a workplace wellness program with overweight and obese adults.
Design: Secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial.
Setting: Remotely monitored intervention conducted across the United States.
Subjects: 553 participants with a body mass index ≥25.
Intervention: Participants were randomized to 1 of 4 study arms: control, gamification with support, gamification with collaboration, and gamification with competition to increase their physical activity. All participants were issued a wrist-worn wearable device to record their daily physical activity and sleep duration.
Measures: The primary outcome was change in daily sleep duration from baseline during the 24 week intervention and follow-up period by study arm within behavioral phenotype class.
Analysis: Linear mixed effects regression.
Results: Participants who had a phenotype of less physically active and less social at baseline, in the gamification with collaboration arm, significantly increased their sleep duration during the intervention period (30.2 minutes [95% CI 6.9, 53.5], P = 0.01), compared to the control arm. There were no changes in sleep duration among participants who were more extroverted and motivated or participants who were less motivated and at-risk.
Conclusions: Changes in sleep during a physical activity intervention varied by behavioral phenotype. Behavioral phenotypes may help to precisely identify who is likely to improve sleep duration during a physical activity intervention.
Keywords: gamification; obesity; phenotype; physical activity; sleep; wearable devices; workplace wellness.