Assessment of respiratory effort with EMG extracted from ECG recordings during prolonged breath holds: Insights into obstructive apnea and extreme physiology

Abstract

Breath holding divers display extraordinary voluntary control over involuntary reactions during apneic episodes. After an initial easy phase to the breath hold, this voluntary control is applied against the increasing involuntary effort to inspire. We quantified an electromyographic (EMG) signal associated with respiratory movements derived from broad bandpass ECG recordings taken from experienced breath holding divers during prolonged dry breath holds. We sought to define their relationship to involuntary respiratory movements and compare these signals with what is known to occur in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and epileptic seizures. ECG and inductance plethysmography records from 14 competitive apneists (1 female) were analyzed. ECG records were analyzed for intervals and the EMG signal was extracted from a re-filtered version of the original broad bandpass signal and ultimately enveloped with a Hilbert transform. EMG burst magnitude, quantified as an area measure, increased over the course of the struggle phase, correlated with inductance plethysmography measures, and corresponded to significant variance in heart rate variability. We conclude that an EMG signal extracted from the ECG can complement plethysmography during breath holds and may help quantify involuntary effort, as reported previously for obstructive sleep apnea. Further, given the resemblance between cardiac and respiratory features of the breath hold struggle phase to obstructive apnea that can occur during sleep or in association with epileptic seizure activity, the struggle phase may be a useful simulation of obstructive apnea for controlled experimentation that can help clarify aspects of acute and chronic apnea-associated physiology.

Keywords: breath-holding; dry apnea; free diving; sleep apnea.