Squat and smile assessment in predicting healing of lower limb fractures fixed with a SIGN nail

Rajiv Maharjan; Bishnu Pokharel; Rosan Prasad Shah Kalawar; Raju Rijal; Dharanidhar Baral

doi:10.1016/j.jcot.2021.05.001

Squat and smile assessment in predicting healing of lower limb fractures fixed with a SIGN nail

J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2021 May 7:19:34-41. doi: 10.1016/j.jcot.2021.05.001. eCollection 2021 Aug.

Authors

Rajiv Maharjan¹, Bishnu Pokharel¹, Rosan Prasad Shah Kalawar¹, Raju Rijal¹, Dharanidhar Baral²

Affiliations

¹ Department of Orthopedics, BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, 56700, Koshi, Nepal.
² School of Public Health and Community Medicine, BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, 56700, Koshi, Nepal.

Abstract

Background: Irrespective of the treatment method, union is the ultimate goal of any fracture treatment. However, nowadays, rather than the physician-based clinico-radiological methods, the patient-reported outcome measurements assessing their quality of life and function are gaining much popularity. This is specifically true in the part of the world where the patient needs almost complete degree of hip/knee flexion - for social, cultural, religious or occupational reason(s). The ability to squat can assess the mobility and stability of joints and thus the quality of squatting is a proxy reflection of the functional outcome after fixation of lower limb fracture. Thus, we studied to determine the inter-observer and intra-observer reliability of Radiographic Union Score for Tibia (RUST) and Squat and Smile (S & S) test in clinical photograph. We further calculated the sensitivity and specificity of S & S test in predicting healing of lower limb fracture fixed by intramedullary interlocking nail considering RUST as the gold standard.

Methods: This was a retrospective study of prospectively collected data of solid Surgical Implant Generation Network (SIGN) intramedullary interlocking nailing from a single, university-based, high volume tertiary center where 56 consecutive adults with either tibial or femoral shaft fractures fixed with a SIGN nail within one year and not requiring any surgery till minimum of eighteen-month follow-up were included. Cases without either Anterior-Posterior (AP) view and/or Lateral (Lat.) view follow-up x-ray(s) or proper S & S clinical photograph (at least 1.5-year post fixation) were excluded. The x-rays (RUST criteria) and clinical photograph (S & S grading) were scored by two independent and blinded observers each and repeated after 1 month.

Results: The overall intra-observer reliability was from 0.773 to 0.825 and inter-observer reliability from 0.635 to 0.757 for RUST scoring which was from 0.687 to 0.785 and from 0.301 to 0.650 respectively for S & S scoring. The sensitivity and specificity of S & S in predicting fracture healing were up to 82.22% and 63.64% respectively.

Conclusion: The S & S test is reliable to predict the healing of lower limb fracture fixed with an intramedullary nail. The test is more useful to determine healed fractures than to determine non-healed ones. (sensitivity being higher than specificity).

Keywords: Functional outcome; Healing; Prediction; RUST scoring; SIGN nailing; Squat and smile test.