Cetuximab, a monoclonal antibody targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy has been for the decade standard of care for the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) patients in the first-line recurrent and/or metastatic setting. The KEYNOTE-048 trial published last year established a new paradigm in this setting with the demonstration that immunotherapy should be given either alone or in combination with chemotherapy. Indeed, pembrolizumab, an antiprogrammed cell death 1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint inhibitor, improved overall survival as compared to the EXTREME regimen in patients expressing PD-L1 in the tumor microenvironment, which represents a large majority of the patient population. In this review, we will decipher this important change of paradigm in the first-line treatment of recurrent and/or metastatic HNSCC, and discuss associated challenges.
Keywords: PD-L1; first-line treatment; head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; immunotherapy.