Impacts of innovation in dental care delivery and payment in Medicaid managed care for children and adolescents

Douglas A Conrad; Peter Milgrom; Yuxian Du; Joana Cunha-Cruz; Sharity Ludwig; R Mike Shirtcliff

doi:10.1186/s12913-021-06549-3

Impacts of innovation in dental care delivery and payment in Medicaid managed care for children and adolescents

BMC Health Serv Res. 2021 Jun 8;21(1):565. doi: 10.1186/s12913-021-06549-3.

Authors

Douglas A Conrad¹, Peter Milgrom², Yuxian Du³, Joana Cunha-Cruz⁴, Sharity Ludwig⁵, R Mike Shirtcliff⁶

Affiliations

¹ Department of Health Services, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Box 357660, Seattle, WA, USA.
² Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Box 357475, Seattle, WA, 98195-7475, USA. dfrc@uw.edu.
³ Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
⁴ Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Box 357475, Seattle, WA, 98195-7475, USA.
⁵ Advantage Dental Services LLC, Redmond, OR, USA.
⁶ RMS Dental Director, Inc, 6860 Thunderbird Ct., Redmond, OR, USA.

Abstract

Background: We evaluated a 14-county quality improvement program of care delivery and payment of a dental care organization for child and adolescent managed care Medicaid beneficiaries after 2 years of implementation.

Methods: Counties were randomly assigned to either the intervention (PREDICT) or control group. Using Medicaid administrative data, difference-in-difference regression models were used to estimate PREDICT intervention effects (formally, "average marginal effects") on dental care utilization and costs to Medicaid, controlling for patient and county characteristics.

Results: Average marginal effects of PREDICT on expected use and expected cost of services per patient (child or adolescent) per quarter were small and insignificant for most service categories. There were statistically significant effects of PREDICT (p < .05), though still small, for certain types of service: (1) Expected number of diagnostic services per patient-quarter increased by .009 units; (2) Expected number of sealants per patient-quarter increased by .003 units, and expected cost by $0.06; (3) Total expected cost per patient-quarter for all services increased by $0.64. These consistent positive effects of PREDICT on diagnostic and certain preventive services (i.e., sealants) were not accompanied by increases in more costly service types (i.e., restorations) or extractions.

Conclusion: The major hypothesis that primary dental care (selected preventive services and diagnostic services in general) would increase significantly over time in PREDICT counties relative to controls was supported. There were small but statistically significant, increases in differential use of diagnostic services and sealants. Total cost per beneficiary rose modestly, but restorative and dental costs did not. The findings suggest favorable developments within PREDICT counties in enhanced preventive and diagnostic procedures, while holding the line on expensive restorative and extraction procedures.

Keywords: Hub and spoke model; Innovation; Medicaid; Value-based payment.

Publication types

Randomized Controlled Trial

MeSH terms

Adolescent
Child
Delivery of Health Care
Dental Care for Children*
Humans
Managed Care Programs
Medicaid*
Preventive Health Services
Primary Health Care
United States