Psilocybin and MDMA for the treatment of trauma-related psychopathology

Int Rev Psychiatry. 2021 May;33(3):229-249. doi: 10.1080/09540261.2021.1919062. Epub 2021 Jun 14.

Abstract

This review examines the role of trauma in psychiatric morbidity and analogous psychoneurobiological changes. Trauma is a necessary criterion for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), however, trauma history is highly correlated with a variety of psychiatric conditions. Some evidence suggests that Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is the most common psychiatric condition that arises following trauma. Approximately 50% of PTSD cases present with co-morbid MDD. Overlapping symptomatology and neurobiology between these conditions underlie the debate over whether these phenomena result from problematic nosology or whether comorbid MDD + PTSD is a distinct phenotype of trauma-related psychopathology. Regardless, similar treatment approaches have been employed historically, with varying success. The drug-assisted psychotherapy treatment model, which combines pharmacological and psychotherapeutic approaches, is currently being trialled as a novel treatment approach in psychiatry. Both psilocybin- and 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy have received Food and Drug Administration 'breakthrough therapy' designation for the treatment of resistant MDD and PTSD, respectively. This paper reviews the therapeutic rationale of both psilocybin and MDMA for treating both trauma-related MDD and PTSD.

Keywords: MDMA; Psilocybin; depression; drug-assisted psychotherapy; posttraumatic stress disorder; psychiatry; trauma.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Depressive Disorder, Major / complications
  • Depressive Disorder, Major / drug therapy
  • Humans
  • N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / therapeutic use*
  • Psilocybin / therapeutic use*
  • Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / complications
  • Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / drug therapy*
  • Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / psychology*
  • Treatment Outcome

Substances

  • Psilocybin
  • N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine