It is commonly assumed that caloric restriction is effective in lowering blood pressure because of the accompanying weight loss and reversal of obesity. However, clinical trials of caloric restriction reporting the greatest falls in blood pressure were those that produced the most rapid weight loss on diets allowing the fewest calories, but the amount of weight loss was unrelated to antihypertensive effect. In obese rats undergoing a supplemented fast, blood pressure fell almost immediately but then stabilized despite continuing weight loss. The depressor effect of fasting was reversed within 2 days of refeeding. Body weight change was no longer correlated with blood pressure change after nutritional state was controlled for. Nutritional state (fed, fasted, refed), but not body weight, has important effects on blood pressure.