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. 2021 Jun 22;19(7):353.
doi: 10.3390/md19070353.

Diversity and Antimicrobial Activity of Vietnamese Sponge-Associated Bacteria

Affiliations

Diversity and Antimicrobial Activity of Vietnamese Sponge-Associated Bacteria

Ton That Huu Dat et al. Mar Drugs. .

Abstract

This study aimed to assess the diversity and antimicrobial activity of cultivable bacteria associated with Vietnamese sponges. In total, 460 bacterial isolates were obtained from 18 marine sponges. Of these, 58.3% belonged to Proteobacteria, 16.5% to Actinobacteria, 18.0% to Firmicutes, and 7.2% to Bacteroidetes. At the genus level, isolated strains belonged to 55 genera, of which several genera, such as Bacillus, Pseudovibrio, Ruegeria, Vibrio, and Streptomyces, were the most predominant. Culture media influenced the cultivable bacterial composition, whereas, from different sponge species, similar cultivable bacteria were recovered. Interestingly, there was little overlap of bacterial composition associated with sponges when the taxa isolated were compared to cultivation-independent data. Subsequent antimicrobial assays showed that 90 isolated strains exhibited antimicrobial activity against at least one of seven indicator microorganisms. From the culture broth of the isolated strain with the strongest activity (Bacillus sp. M1_CRV_171), four secondary metabolites were isolated and identified, including cyclo(L-Pro-L-Tyr) (1), macrolactin A (2), macrolactin H (3), and 15,17-epoxy-16-hydroxy macrolactin A (4). Of these, compounds 2-4 exhibited antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of reference microorganisms.

Keywords: antimicrobial activity; cultivable bacteria; secondary metabolites; sponge-associated bacteria.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Composition of cultivable bacteria associated with sponges at the phylum level (at the class level for the phylum Proteobacteria) (A) and the genus level (B). Composition of bacteria with antimicrobial activity associated with sponges at the genus level (C).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Heatmap of the composition and relative abundance of cultivable bacteria isolated from different sponge species at the genus level.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Heat map of the composition and relative abundance of cultivable bacteria isolated from different culture media at the genus level.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Heat map of relative abundance of shared OTUs recovered by cultivation and cultivation-independent approaches (MiSeq). The relative abundance of OTUs in the cultivable fraction was calculated for total sequences for all sponge species, whereas the relative abundance of OTUs in Illumina MiSeq data was calculated for each sponge species.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Chemical structures of isolated compounds (14).

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