Outcomes of "Real-World" Insulin Strategies in the Management of Hospital Hyperglycemia

Archana R Sadhu; Bhargavi Patham; Aisha Vadhariya; Soumya G Chikermane; Michael L Johnson

doi:10.1210/jendso/bvab101

Outcomes of "Real-World" Insulin Strategies in the Management of Hospital Hyperglycemia

J Endocr Soc. 2021 Jun 16;5(8):bvab101. doi: 10.1210/jendso/bvab101. eCollection 2021 Aug 1.

Authors

Archana R Sadhu¹, Bhargavi Patham¹, Aisha Vadhariya², Soumya G Chikermane², Michael L Johnson²

Affiliations

¹ Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
² University of Houston, College of Pharmacy, Houston, Texas 77204, USA.

Abstract

Context: Guidelines recommend scheduled long-acting basal and short-acting bolus insulin several times daily to manage inpatient hyperglycemia. In the "real world," insulin therapy is complicated, with limited data on the comparative effectiveness of different insulin strategies.

Objective: This work aimed to evaluate the association of different insulin strategies with glucose control and hospital outcomes after adjustment for patient and physician factors that influence choice of therapy.

Methods: This retrospective, observational study took place at an academic hospital. Participants included noncritically ill hospitalized medical/surgical patients (n = 4558) receiving subcutaneous insulin for 75% or longer during admission. Insulin therapy was grouped into 3 strategies within the first 48 hours: basal bolus (BB: scheduled long and short/rapid n = 2358), sliding scale (SS: short/rapid acting n = 1855), or basal only (BO: long only: n = 345). Main outcome measures included glucose control: hypoglycemic days, hyperglycemic days, euglycemic days, mean glucose; and hospitalization: in-hospital mortality, length of stay (LOS), and readmissions.

Results: Initial therapy with BB was associated with more hypoglycemic (2.40; CI, 2.04 to 2.82) (P < .001) and fewer euglycemic days (0.90; CI, 0.85 to 0.97) (P = .003) than SS, whereas BO was associated with fewer hyperglycemic days (0.70; CI, 0.62 to 0.79) (P < .001), lower mean glucose (-18.03; CI, -22.46 to -12.61) (P < .001), and more euglycemic days (1.22; CI, 1.09 to 1.37) (P < .001) compared to SS. No difference in mortality, LOS, and readmissions was found. However, decreased LOS was observed in the BB subgroup with a medical diagnostic related group (0.93; CI, 0.89 to 0.97) (P < .001).

Conclusion: BO had a more favorable hyperglycemia profile than SS. BB, on the other hand, showed worse glycemic control as compared to SS. In the real-world hospital, BO may be a simpler and more effective insulin strategy.

Keywords: basal-bolus; hospital; hyperglycemia; hypoglycemia; inpatient; insulin.