Surface-Related High School Football Game Injuries on Pad and No-Pad Fields

Abstract

Background: Artificial turf fields are increasingly being installed with lighter weight infill systems that incorporate a pad underlayer, which is reported to reduce surface shock and decrease injuries. At this time, the effects of a pad underlayer on football trauma are unknown.

Hypothesis: Athletes would not experience differences in surface-related injuries between pad and no-pad fields.

Study design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.

Methods: Artificial turf fields were divided into 2 groups based on a pad underlayer or no-pad system, with 58 high schools participating across 3 states over the course of 7 seasons. Outcomes of interest included injury severity, head and knee trauma, injury category, primary type of injury, injury mechanism, anatomic location of trauma, tissue type injured, and elective imaging and surgical procedures. Data underwent multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA) using general linear model procedures and were expressed as injury incidence rates per 10-game season.

Results: Of 658 varsity games, 260 games were played on fields containing pads, and 398 games were played on no-pad fields, with 795 surface-related injuries reported. MANOVA indicated significant main effects by injury severity (F_3,791 = 11.436; P < .0001), knee trauma (F_9,785 = 2.435; P = .045), injury category (F_3,791 = 3.073; P < .0001), primary type of injury (F_10,785 = 2.660; P < .0001), injury mechanism (F_13,781 = 2.053; P < .001), anatomic location (F_16,778 = 1.592; P < .001), type of tissue injured (F_4,790 = 4.485; P < .0001), and elective imaging and surgical procedures (F_4,790 = 4.248; P < .002). Post hoc analyses indicated significantly greater incidences (P < .05) of substantial and severe injury, player-to-turf trauma, patellofemoral syndrome, neck strain, lower leg strain, and elective imaging and surgical procedures when games were played on padded turf fields. No differences in concussion rate from turf impact between pad and no-pad fields were observed.

Conclusion: In contrast to conventional wisdom, the addition of a pad under an artificial turf surface increases injury rates when compared with nonpadded fields across most injury categories. At this time, findings do not support the current trend of installing lightweight padded infill systems at the high school level of play.

Keywords: artificial surface; knee; trauma; turf.