The emergence of immunomodulators as effective cancer treatments has been an important advance in cancer therapy. The combination therapy of BRAF/MEK inhibition with or without anti-CTLA-4 treatment causes an immunostimulatory effect that has greatly reduced death from melanoma. In this article, we present the case of a patient with prior multiple sclerosis (MS) and who later developed metastatic malignant melanoma, had a marked increase of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings after treatment with the combination of trametinib (MEK) and dabrafenib (BRAF), diagnostic question of metastatic disease versus new MS lesions without brain biopsy is discussed. A healthy 49-year-old man was diagnosed with MS in October 2012. He was stable with an oral disease modifying drug until March of 2016 when the patient discovered a lump in his right groin. Biopsy was positive for S100 and BRAF V600 mutation. Combination MEK/BRAF was given and after immunotherapy an MRI showed 25 new gadolinium-enhancing lesions thought to be metastases. A brain biopsy was recommended but neurology and neuroimaging consultation showed that the MRI was consistent with demyelination (oval/ovoid, homogeneous and open-ring enhancement, and predominance of the central vein sign within lesions) rather than metastasis. Treatment for MS has been successful and there has been no return of his melanoma in 4 years. New immunotherapies are lifesaving but the modulation of the immune system can cause unpredictable events such are markedly increased MS activity. The awareness of the diagnostic value of the central vein sign provided a better outcome for this patient and could be a model in the future for others.
Keywords: diagnostic testing; hematology oncology; multiple sclerosis; radiology/imaging.