Kinematically aligned total knee arthroplasty restores more native medial collateral ligament strain than mechanically aligned total knee arthroplasty

Abstract

Purpose: Kinematically aligned total knee arthroplasty (KA TKA) targets restoration of patient-specific alignment and soft tissue laxity. However, whether KA TKA reproduces native soft tissue strain remains unclear. This cadaveric study tested the hypothesis that KA TKA would better restore the quantitative strain and strain distribution of medial collateral ligament (MCL) to the native healthy knee compared to mechanically aligned (MA) TKA.

Methods: Twenty-four fresh-frozen cadaver knees (12 pairs) were mounted on a customized knee squatting simulator to measure MCL strain during flexion. For each pair, one knee was assigned to KA TKA and the other to MA TKA. During KA TKA, the amount of femur and tibia resected was equivalent to implant thickness without MCL release using the calipered measuring technique. MA TKA was performed using conventional measured resection techniques. MCL strain was measured using a video extensometer (Mercury® RT RealTime tracking system, Sobriety s.r.o, Czech Republic). MCL strain and strain distribution during knee flexion were measured, and the measurements compared between native and post-TKA conditions.

Results: Mean and peak MCL strain were similar between KA TKA and native knees at all flexion angles (p > 0.1 at all flexion angles) while mean strain at all flexion angles and peak strain at ≥ 60º of MA TKA were approximately twice those of the native knees (p < 0.05 at ≥ 60º of flexion). In addition, greater MCL strain was observed in 4 of 12 regions of interest (ROI) after MA TKA (M1, M2, P1 and P2) compared to the native knee, whereas after KA TKA, MCL strain measurements were similar at all but 1 ROI (P2).

Conclusions: KA TKA restored a more native amount and distribution of MCL strain compared to MA TKA. These findings provide clues for understanding why patients may experience better performance and more normal knee sensations after KA TKA compared to MA TKA.

Level of evidence: Therapeutic study, Level I.

Keywords: Kinematic alignment; Knee; Ligament strain; Mechanical alignment; Medial collateral ligament; Total knee arthroplasty; Video extensometer.