COVID-19 pandemic related long-term chronic stress on the prevalence of depression and anxiety in the general population

Tian Qi; Ting Hu; Qi-Qi Ge; Xiao-Na Zhou; Jia-Mei Li; Chun-Lei Jiang; Wei Wang

doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03385-x

COVID-19 pandemic related long-term chronic stress on the prevalence of depression and anxiety in the general population

BMC Psychiatry. 2021 Jul 28;21(1):380. doi: 10.1186/s12888-021-03385-x.

Authors

Tian Qi^#¹, Ting Hu^#², Qi-Qi Ge^#², Xiao-Na Zhou², Jia-Mei Li², Chun-Lei Jiang³, Wei Wang⁴

Affiliations

¹ The Battalion 3 of Cadet Brigade, School of Basic Medicine, Navy Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, China.
² Department of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology, Navy Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, China.
³ Department of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology, Navy Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, China. cljiang@vip.163.com.
⁴ Department of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology, Navy Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, China. weiwangwf@163.com.

^# Contributed equally.

Abstract

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has lasted for more than 1 year, causing far-reaching and unprecedented changes in almost all aspects of society. This study aimed to evaluate the long-term consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on depression and anxiety, and explore the factors associated with it.

Methods: A cross-sectional study using an online survey was conducted to assess mental health problems from February 2 to February 9, 2021 by using patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and generalized anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7). The insomnia severity index (ISI), demographic data and COVID-19 related variables were measured by a self-designed questionnaire. The factors associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms were identified by Pearson chi-square test and binary logistic regression analysis.

Results: In the study that 1171 participants enrolled, the overall prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms among general people was 22.6 and 21.4% respectively in the present study. Living alone was a potential risk factor for depressive symptoms, while regular exercises was a potential protective factor. The prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms was significantly associated with the severity of insomnia symptoms and the negative feelings about pandemic.

Conclusion: COVID-19 pandemic- related chronic stress has brought about profound impacts on long-term mental health in the general population. The level of insomnia and a negative attitude towards the pandemic are significantly correlated with unfavorable mental health. However, we failed to found a significant association of age and gender with the mental health symptoms, although they were recognized as well-established risk factors during the outbreak by some other studies. This discrepancy may be because the acute and chronic effects of the pandemic are influenced by different factors, which reminds that more attention should be paid to the intrinsic psychological factors and physical reactions towards COVID-19.

Keywords: Anxiety; COVID-19; Depression; Long-term stress.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Anxiety / epidemiology
Anxiety Disorders / epidemiology
COVID-19*
Cross-Sectional Studies
Depression / epidemiology
Humans
Pandemics*
Prevalence
SARS-CoV-2