Advanced Closed-Loop Control System Improves Postprandial Glycemic Control Compared With a Hybrid Closed-Loop System Following Unannounced Meal

Jose Garcia-Tirado; Jenny L Diaz; Rebeca Esquivel-Zuniga; Chaitanya L K Koravi; John P Corbett; Martha Dawson; Christian Wakeman; Charlotte L Barnett; Mary C Oliveri; Helen Myers; Katie Krauthause; Marc D Breton; Mark D DeBoer

doi:10.2337/dc21-0932

Advanced Closed-Loop Control System Improves Postprandial Glycemic Control Compared With a Hybrid Closed-Loop System Following Unannounced Meal

Diabetes Care. 2021 Aug 15:dc210932. doi: 10.2337/dc21-0932. Online ahead of print.

Affiliations

¹ Center for Diabetes Technology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA.
² Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA.
³ Center for Diabetes Technology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA deboer@virginia.edu.

PMID: 34400480
DOI: 10.2337/dc21-0932

Abstract

Objective: Meals are a major hurdle to glycemic control in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Our objective was to test a fully automated closed-loop control (CLC) system in the absence of announcement of carbohydrate ingestion among adolescents with T1D, who are known to commonly omit meal announcement.

Research design and methods: Eighteen adolescents with T1D (age 15.6 ± 1.7 years; HbA_1c 7.4 ± 1.5%; 9 females/9 males) participated in a randomized crossover clinical trial comparing our legacy hybrid CLC system (Unified Safety System Virginia [USS]-Virginia) with a novel fully automated CLC system (RocketAP) during two 46-h supervised admissions (each with one announced and one unannounced dinner), following 2 weeks of data collection. Primary outcome was the percentage time-in-range 70-180 mg/dL (TIR) following the unannounced meal, with secondary outcomes related to additional continuous glucose monitoring-based metrics.

Results: Both TIR and time-in-tight-range 70-140 mg/dL (TTR) were significantly higher using RocketAP than using USS-Virginia during the 6 h following the unannounced meal (83% [interquartile range 64-93] vs. 53% [40-71]; P = 0.004 and 49% [41-59] vs. 27% [22-36]; P = 0.002, respectively), primarily driven by reduced time-above-range (TAR >180 mg/dL: 17% [1.3-34] vs. 47% [28-60]), with no increase in time-below-range (TBR <70 mg/dL: 0% median for both). RocketAP also improved control following the announced meal (mean difference TBR: -0.7%, TIR: +7%, TTR: +6%), overall (TIR: +5%, TAR: -5%, TTR: +8%), and overnight (TIR: +7%, TTR: +19%, TAR: -5%). RocketAP delivered less insulin overall (78 ± 23 units vs. 85 ± 20 units, P = 0.01).

Conclusions: A new fully automated CLC system with automatic prandial dosing was proven to be safe and feasible and outperformed our legacy USS-Virginia in an adolescent population with and without meal announcement.