Background and purpose: Data on long-term survival after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) are scarce. In a population-based nested case-control study, we compared long-term survival and causes of death within 5 years in 30-day survivors of first-ever ICH and controls, assessed the impact of cardiovascular risk factors on 5-year mortality, and analyzed time trend in 5-year mortality in ICH patients over 2 decades.
Methods: We included 219 participants from the population-based Tromsø Study, who after the baseline participation had a first-ever ICH between 1994 to 2013 and 1095 age- and sex-matched participants without ICH. Cumulative survival was presented using the Kaplan-Meier method. Hazard ratios (HRs) for mortality and for the association between cardiovascular risk factors and 5-year mortality in 30-day survivors were estimated by stratified Cox proportional hazards models. Trend in 5-year mortality was assessed by logistic regression.
Results: Risk of death during follow-up (median time, 4.8 years) was increased in the ICH group compared with controls (HR, 1.62 [95% CI, 1.27-2.06]). Cardiovascular disease was the leading cause of death, with a higher proportion in ICH patients (22.9% versus 9.0%; P<0.001). Smoking increased the risk of 5-year mortality in cases and controls (HR, 1.59 [95% CI, 1.15-2.19]), whereas serum cholesterol was associated with 5-year mortality in cases only (HR, 1.39 [95% CI, 1.04-1.86]). Use of anticoagulants at ICH onset increased the risk of death (HR, 2.09 [95% CI, 1.09-4.00]). There was no difference according to ICH location (HR, 1.15 [95% CI, 0.56-2.37]). Five-year mortality did not change during the study period (odds ratio per calendar year, 1.01 [95% CI, 0.93-1.09]).
Conclusions: Survival rates were significantly lower in cases than in controls, driven by a 2-fold increased risk of cardiovascular death. Smoking, serum cholesterol, and use of anticoagulant drugs were associated with increased risk of death in ICH patients. Five-year mortality rates in ICH patients remained stable over time.
Keywords: cerebrovascular disorders; epidemiology; intracranial hemorrhages; mortality/survival; risk factors.