Healthy Lifestyle and Mortality Among Adults Receiving Hemodialysis: The DIET-HD Study

Abstract

Rationale & objective: A healthy lifestyle promotes cardiovascular health and reduces cardiac-related mortality in the general population, but its benefits for people receiving maintenance hemodialysis are uncertain.

Study design: Prospective cohort study.

Setting & participants: 5,483 of 9,757 consecutive adults receiving maintenance hemodialysis (January 2014 to June 2017, median dialysis vintage: 3.6 years) in a multinational private dialysis network and with complete lifestyle data.

Exposure: Based on the American Heart Association's recommendations for cardiovascular prevention, a modified healthy lifestyle score was the sum of 4 components addressing use of smoking tobacco, physical activity, diet, and control of systolic blood pressure.

Outcome: Cardiovascular and all-cause mortality.

Analytical approach: Adjusted proportional hazards regression analyses with country as a random effect to estimate the associations between lifestyle score (low [0-2 points] as the referent, medium [3-5], and high [6-8]) and mortality. Associations were expressed as adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) with 95% CI.

Results: During a median of 3.8 years (17,451 person-years in total), there were 2,163 deaths, of which 826 were related to cardiovascular disease. Compared with patients who had a low lifestyle score, the AHRs for all-cause mortality among those with medium and high lifestyle scores were 0.75 (95% CI, 0.65-0.85) and 0.64 (95% CI, 0.54-0.76), respectively. Compared with patients who had a low lifestyle score, the AHRs for cardiovascular mortality among those with medium and high lifestyle scores were 0.73 (95% CI, 0.59-0.91) and 0.65 (95% CI, 0.49-0.85), respectively.

Limitations: Self-reported lifestyle, data-driven approach.

Conclusions: A healthier lifestyle is associated with lower all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis.

Keywords: Blood pressure; DIET-HD; body mass index (BMI); cardiovascular disease (CVD); chronic kidney disease (CKD); cohort; diet; end-stage renal disease (ESRD); hemodialysis; lifestyle; modifiable risk factor; mortality; physical activity; smoking.