A scoping review of the pathophysiology of COVID-19

Abstract

COVID-19 is a highly heterogeneous and complex medical disorder; indeed, severe COVID-19 is probably amongst the most complex of medical conditions known to medical science. While enormous strides have been made in understanding the molecular pathways involved in patients infected with coronaviruses an overarching and comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of COVID-19 is lacking. Such an understanding is essential in the formulation of effective prophylactic and treatment strategies. Based on clinical, proteomic, and genomic studies as well as autopsy data severe COVID-19 disease can be considered to be the connection of three basic pathologic processes, namely a pulmonary macrophage activation syndrome with uncontrolled inflammation, a complement-mediated endothelialitis together with a procoagulant state with a thrombotic microangiopathy. In addition, platelet activation with the release of serotonin and the activation and degranulation of mast cells contributes to the hyper-inflammatory state. Auto-antibodies have been demonstrated in a large number of hospitalized patients which adds to the end-organ damage and pro-thrombotic state. This paper provides a clinical overview of the major pathogenetic mechanism leading to severe COVID-19 disease.

Keywords: COVID-19; NETosis; autopsy; complement; macrophage activation; micro-vasculitis; pathogenesis; serotonin.

Figure 1.

Clinical stages of COVID.

Figure 2.

Stages of COVID and time course of immune response.

Figure 3.

Progression of CT features of COVID-19 organizing pneumonia.

Figure 4.

Pathogenetic mechanism of severe COVID-19 disease.