Association between air pollution and COVID-19 mortality and morbidity

Karolina Semczuk-Kaczmarek; Anna Rys-Czaporowska; Janusz Sierdzinski; Lukasz Dominik Kaczmarek; Filip Marcin Szymanski; Anna Edyta Platek

doi:10.1007/s11739-021-02834-5

Association between air pollution and COVID-19 mortality and morbidity

Intern Emerg Med. 2022 Mar;17(2):467-473. doi: 10.1007/s11739-021-02834-5. Epub 2021 Oct 12.

Authors

Karolina Semczuk-Kaczmarek¹, Anna Rys-Czaporowska², Janusz Sierdzinski³, Lukasz Dominik Kaczmarek⁴, Filip Marcin Szymanski⁵, Anna Edyta Platek⁶

Affiliations

¹ 1st Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A St., 02-097, Warsaw, Poland. karolina.semczuk-kaczmarek@wum.edu.pl.
² 1st Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A St., 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.
³ Department of Medical Informatics and Telemedicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
⁴ Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland.
⁵ Departament of Civilization Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
⁶ Department of General and Experimental Pathology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.

Abstract

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is affecting the world unevenly. One of the highest numbers of cases were recorded in the most polluted regions worldwide. The risk factors for severe COVID-19 include diabetes, cardiovascular, and respiratory diseases. It has been known that the same disease might be worsened by chronic exposure to air pollution. The study aimed to determine whether long-term average exposure to air pollution is associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 cases and deaths in Poland. The cumulative number of COVID-19 cases and deaths for each voivodeship (the main administrative level of jurisdictions) in Poland were collected from March 4, 2020, to May 15, 2020. Based on the official data published by Chief Inspectorate of Environmental Protection voivodeship-level long-term exposure to main air pollution: PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, SO₂, O₃ (averaged from 2013 to 2018) was established. There were statistically significant correlation between COVID-19 cases (per 100,000 population) and annual average concentration of PM_2.5 (R² = 0.367, p = 0.016), PM₁₀ (R² = 0.415, p = 0.009), SO₂ (R² = 0.489, p = 0.003), and O₃ (R² = 0.537, p = 0.0018). Moreover, COVID-19 deaths (per 100,000 population) were associated with annual average concentration of PM_2.5 (R² = 0.290, p = 0.038), NO₂ (R² = 0.319, p = 0.028), O₃ (R² = 0.452, p = 0.006). The long-term exposure to air pollution, especially PM_2.5, PM₁₀, SO₂, NO₂, O₃ seems to play an essential role in COVID-19 prevalence and mortality. Long-term exposure to air pollution might increase the susceptibility to the infection, exacerbates the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections, and worsens the patients' prognosis. The study provides generalized and possible universal trends. Detailed analyzes of the phenomenon dedicated to a given region require taking into account data on comorbidities and socioeconomic variables as well as information about the long-term exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 cases and deaths at smaller administrative level of jurisdictions (community or at least district level).

Keywords: Air pollution; COVID-19; Cardiovascular disease; SARS-CoV-2.

MeSH terms

Air Pollutants* / adverse effects
Air Pollution* / adverse effects
COVID-19* / epidemiology
Environmental Exposure / adverse effects
Humans
Morbidity
Particulate Matter / adverse effects
Particulate Matter / analysis
SARS-CoV-2

Substances

Air Pollutants
Particulate Matter