Effects of golden tomato extract on skin appearance-outlook into gene expression in cultured dermal fibroblasts and on trans-epidermal water loss and skin barrier in human subjects

Abstract

Scope: Two experiments were performed to test the effects of rich tomato extract (Golden Tomato Extract, GTE) on human skin. In one experiment, the effects of this extract on gene expression in cultured human dermal fibroblasts were examined. In a second experiment, human subjects consumed the extract and trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL), and aspects of skin appearance were monitored.

Methods and results: Primary human dermal fibroblasts in culture were treated with the extract. After six hours, RNA was extracted, and gene expression was examined using Affymetrix Human Clariom D array processing. For the clinical study, 65 human subjects consumed a capsule once a day for 16 weeks, and various skin parameters were assessed at predetermined time intervals. Among the genes upregulated by GTE are genes that augment innate immunity, enhance DNA repair, and the ability to detoxify xenobiotics. GTE significantly reduced TEWL in subjects who had high TEWL at baseline, but it had no effect on TEWL in subjects who had lower TEWL at baseline.

Conclusions: Golden tomato extract may provide benefits to the skin by enhancing innate immunity and other defense mechanisms in the dermis and by providing antioxidants to the skin surface to optimize TEWL and the appearance of the skin.

Keywords: antioxidant; fibroblasts; olfactory receptors; phytoene & phytofluene; transepidermal water loss (TEWL).

FIGURE 1

Effect of GTE on TEWL. (A) High TEWL‐GTE (N = 18, One subject missed the 8‐week clinic visit, 4 weeks p = 0.428, 8 weeks p = 0.11, 18 weeks p < 0.001). (B) High TEWL‐Placebo (N = 14, One subject missed the 8‐week clinic visit.4‐week p = 0.382, 8‐week p = 0.506, 16‐week p = 0.293). (C) Low TEWL‐GTE (N = 14, 4‐week p = 0.129, 8‐week p = 0.49, 16‐week p = 0.421). (D) Low TEWL‐Placebo (N = 15, One subject missed the 8‐ and 16‐week clinic visits. 4‐week p = 0.099, 8‐week p = 0.838, 16‐week p = 0.231

FIGURE 2

Illustration describing the theory of the two mechanisms by which GTE strengthens the physical and the biological barrier of the skin [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]