Targeting Inflammation Driven by HMGB1 in Bacterial Keratitis-A Review

Abstract

Pseudomonas (P.) aeruginosa is a Gram-negative bacteria that causes human infectionsinfections. It can cause keratitis, a severe eye infection, that develops quickly and is a major cause of ulceration of the cornea and ocular complications globally. Contact lens wear is the greatest causative reason in developed countries, but in other countries, trauma and predominates. Use of non-human models of the disease are critical and may provide promising alternative argets for therapy to bolster a lack of new antibiotics and increasing antibiotic resistance. In this regard, we have shown promising data after inhibiting high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), using small interfering RNA (siRNA). Success has also been obtained after other means to inhinit HMGB1 and include: use of HMGB1 Box A (one of three HMGB1 domains), anti-HMGB1 antibody blockage of HMGB1 and/or its receptors, Toll like receptor (TLR) 4, treatment with thrombomodulin (TM) or vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and glycyrrhizin (GLY, a triterpenoid saponin) that directly binds to HMGB1. ReducingHMGB1 levels in P. aeruginosa keratitis appears a viable treatment alternative.

Keywords: HMGB1; HMGB1 box A; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; VIP; anti-HMGB1 antibody; blockade of receptors; glycyrrhizin; keratitis; silencing HMGB1; thrombomodulin.

Figure 1

HMGB1 structure, binding sites and function.

Figure 2

Approaches to inhibit HMGB1 in cornea.