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. 2021 Oct 29;14(21):6507.
doi: 10.3390/ma14216507.

Physicochemical and Biological Characterization of Ti6Al4V Particles Obtained by Implantoplasty: An In Vitro Study. Part I

Jorge Toledano-Serrabona  1 , Francisco Javier Gil  2   3 , Octavi Camps-Font  1 , Eduard Valmaseda-Castellón  1 , Cosme Gay-Escoda  1 , Maria Ángeles Sánchez-Garcés  1
Affiliations

Physicochemical and Biological Characterization of Ti6Al4V Particles Obtained by Implantoplasty: An In Vitro Study. Part I

Jorge Toledano-Serrabona et al. Materials (Basel). .

Abstract

Implantoplasty is a mechanical decontamination technique that consists of polishing the supra-osseous component of the dental implant with peri-implantitis. This technique releases metal particles in the form of metal swarf and dust into the peri-implant environment. In the present in vitro study, the following physicochemical characterization tests were carried out: specific surface area, granulometry, contact angle, crystalline structure, morphology, and ion release. Besides, cytotoxicity was in turn evaluated by determining the fibroblastic and osteoblastic cell viability. As a result, the metal debris obtained by implantoplasty presented an equivalent diameter value of 159 µm (range 6-1850 µm) and a specific surface area of 0.3 m2/g on average. The particle had a plate-like shape of different sizes. The release of vanadium ions in Hank's solution at 37 °C showed no signs of stabilization and was greater than that of titanium and aluminum ions, which means that the alloy suffers from a degradation. The particles exhibited cytotoxic effects upon human osteoblastic and fibroblastic cells in the whole extract. In conclusion, metal debris released by implantoplasty showed different sizes, surface structures and shapes. Vanadium ion levels were higher than that those of the other metal ions, and cell viability assays showed that these particles produce a significant loss of cytocompatibility on osteoblasts and fibroblasts, which means that the main cells of the peri-implant tissues might be injured.

Keywords: dental implant; implantoplasty; peri-implantitis; titanium alloy.

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Conflict of interest statement

Jorge Toledano-Serrabona has received no grants, personal fees, or non-financial support. F Javier Gil reports grants from the Spanish government, European Union personal fees, and non-financial support from Klockner Dental Implants (Barcelona, Spain). Octavi Camps-Font has participated as co-investigator in clinical trials sponsored by Mundipharma (Cambridge, UK) and Menarini Richerche (Florence, Italy). He also reports grants and non-financial support from Avinent (Santpedor, Spain). Eduard Valmaseda-Castellón reports personal fees and non-financial support from MozoGrau (Valladolid, Spain). He is the Director of the Avinent-University of Barcelona research agreement (Càtedra UB-Avinent), with Avinent (Santpedor, Spain), and has received personal fees from BioHorizons Ibérica (Madrid, Spain), Inibsa Dental (Lliça de Vall, Spain) and Dentsply implants Iberia (Barcelona, Spain) outside the submitted work. In addition, Valmaseda- Castellón has participated as an investigator in clinical trials sponsored by Mundipharma (Cambridge, UK) and Geistlich (Wolhusen, Switzerland). Cosme Gay-Escoda reports grants, personal fees, and non-financial support from Mundipharma (Cambridge, UK) and Menarini Richerche (Florence, Italy). María Ángeles Sánchez-Garcés reports grants, personal fees, and non-financial support from Nobel Biocare, Zimmer and Menarini Richerche (Florence, Italy).

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Distribution of particle size of the metal debris after implantoplasty.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Scanning electron microscopy images under different magnifications; (a) ×50, (b) ×150.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Titanium (Ti), Aluminum (Al), and Vanadium (V) ion release curve as a function of exposure time.
Figure 4
Figure 4
X-ray diffraction spectrum of the metal debris.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Representation of the sorption (mass increase as a function of time) of several samples of metal debris.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Cell viability in the cytotoxicity assay with HFF-1 (a) and SAOS-2 cells (b). * means that the sample had cytotoxic effect (loss of <70% of cell viability).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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