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. 2021 Nov;29(4):229-240.
doi: 10.1177/1742271X20987584. Epub 2021 Feb 4.

Intraventricular pressure gradients change during the development of left ventricular hypertrophy: Effect of salvianolic acid B and beta-blocker

Danfu Ma  1 , Ahmed S Mandour  1   2 , Tomohiko Yoshida  1 , Katsuhiro Matsuura  1 , Kazumi Shimada  1 , Pitipat Kitpipatkun  1 , Akiko Uemura  1 , Mayumi Ifuku  3 , Ken Takahashi  3 , Ryou Tanaka  1
Affiliations
Free PMC article

Intraventricular pressure gradients change during the development of left ventricular hypertrophy: Effect of salvianolic acid B and beta-blocker

Danfu Ma et al. Ultrasound. 2021 Nov.
Free PMC article

Abstract

Introduction: Intraventricular pressure gradient is regarded as a non-invasive indicator of diastolic function. Salvianolic acid B (Sal-B), a traditional Asian medicine, revealed its usefulness in myocardial infarction models; however, the hemodynamic effect of salvianolic acid B is still unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the intraventricular pressure gradient changes during the development of left ventricular hypertrophy with or without salvianolic acid B and a beta-blocker.

Methods: In total, 48 rats were divided into four groups; Sham, Non-treatment, salvianolic acid B, and Carvedilol. Aortic coarctation-induced left ventricular hypertrophy was done in three groups and the treatment was started from the third to the sixth week. Blood pressure, conventional echocardiography, and color M-mode echocardiography for measurement of intraventricular pressure gradient were carried out for six consecutive weeks.

Results: At 4.5 weeks, the LV mass was elevated in the coarctation groups but the blood pressure was significantly lower in salvianolic acid B and Carvedilol groups (P < 0.05). In the Non-treatment group, the total intraventricular pressure gradient was increased at 4.5 and 6 weeks (2.60 and 2.65, respectively). Meanwhile, the basal intraventricular pressure gradient was elevated at 3 and 6 weeks (1.67 and 1.75) compared with the Sham group. Salvianolic acid B and Carvedilol significantly reduced the basal intraventricular pressure gradient at six weeks compared with the Non-treatment group (1.52 and 1.51 vs 1.75, respectively).

Conclusions: Salvianolic acid B and Carvedilol promote cardiac function by decreasing the elevated basal intraventricular pressure gradient. The current preclinical results revealed the efficacy of salvianolic acid B as a potential therapy for left ventricular hypertrophy because of the non-blood pressure lowering effect.

Keywords: Doppler echocardiography; diastolic function; intraventricular pressure gradients; left ventricular hypertrophy; salvianolic acid B.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Schematic representation of experimental procedures and time frame of investigated groups.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Procedures of IVPG analysis using the Euler equation by Matlab. Color M-mode echocardiography was sampled (a) and then analyzed using Matlab (b), the time distribution (c), and spatial distribution of intraventricular pressure gradients were gained from the Matlab. The spatial distribution could be calculated into basal IVPG and mid-to-apical IVPG (d).
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Basic measurements of the Sham group and Non-treatment group throughout the experimental intervals. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 refer to comparisons between Sham and Non-treatment groups.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Basic measurements in all groups at 4.5 and 6 weeks.
Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Comparison of IVPG results in different groups at different time intervals. A, B, & C graphs, respectively, represent the Total, Basal, and Mid-to-apical IVPG parts in Sham and Non-treatment groups throughout the entire experiment. D, E & F graphs, respectively, summarized the Total, Basal, and Mid-to-apical IVPG parts at 4.5 and 6 weeks in all groups. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 used to compare the significance between groups.
Figure 6.
Figure 6.
Sal-B and Carvedilol therapeutic pathway. Pressure overload activates the beta-adrenergic receptors and ERK, promotes the expression of Gata4 and results in hypertrophy. Sal B could inhibit the ERK and beta-adrenergic receptors at the same time while Carvedilol only works as a beta-blocker.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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