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. 2021 Nov 18;7(4):219.
doi: 10.3390/gels7040219.

Quality by Design for Optimizing a Novel Liposomal Jojoba Oil-Based Emulgel to Ameliorate the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Brucine

Affiliations

Quality by Design for Optimizing a Novel Liposomal Jojoba Oil-Based Emulgel to Ameliorate the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Brucine

Marwa H Abdallah et al. Gels. .

Abstract

One of the recent advancements in research is the application of natural products in developing newly effective formulations that have few drawbacks and that boost therapeutic effects. The goal of the current exploration is to investigate the effect of jojoba oil in augmenting the anti-inflammatory effect of Brucine natural alkaloid. This is first development of a formulation that applies Brucine and jojoba oil int a PEGylated liposomal emulgel proposed for topical application. Initially, various PEGylated Brucine liposomal formulations were fabricated using a thin-film hydration method. (22) Factorial design was assembled using two factors (egg Phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol concentrations) and three responses (particle size, encapsulation efficiency and in vitro release). The optimized formula was incorporated within jojoba oil emulgel. The PEGylated liposomal emulgel was inspected for its characteristics, in vitro, ex vivo and anti-inflammatory behaviors. Liposomal emulgel showed a pH of 6.63, a spreadability of 48.8 mm and a viscosity of 9310 cP. As much as 40.57% of Brucine was released after 6 h, and drug permeability exhibited a flux of 0.47 µg/cm2·h. Lastly, % of inflammation was lowered to 47.7, which was significant effect compared to other formulations. In conclusion, the anti-inflammatory influence of jojoba oil and Brucine was confirmed, supporting their integration into liposomal emulgel as a potential nanocarrier.

Keywords: Brucine; PEGylated liposomes; anti-inflammatory; emulgel; jojoba oil; transdermal drug delivery.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Representing (a) 2D-Contour plot, (b) 3D-Response Surface Plot, and (c) linear correlation plot between predicted against actual values.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Representing (a) 2D-Contour plot, (b) 3D-Response Surface Plot and (c) linear correlation plot between predicted against actual values.
Figure 3
Figure 3
In vitro release of Brucine from different PEGylated liposome formulations in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 at 37 °C. Results are expressed as mean ± SD of three experiments.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Representing (a) 2D-Contour plot, (b) 3D-Response Surface Plot and (c) linear correlation plot between predicted against actual values.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Desirability graph presenting the influence of independent variables A and B on the overall dependent variables R1, R2 and R3.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Particle size and PDI of optimized PEGylated Brucine liposomal formulation.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Outline of stability study for optimized PEGylated Brucine liposomal formulation for 1 and 3 months at 4 °C and 25 °C in terms of (a) particle size; (b) EE and (c) in vitro drug release, compared to freshly prepared formulation. Results are expressed as mean ± SD of three experiments.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Outline of stability study for optimized PEGylated Brucine liposomal formulation for 1 and 3 months at 4 °C and 25 °C in terms of (a) particle size; (b) EE and (c) in vitro drug release, compared to freshly prepared formulation. Results are expressed as mean ± SD of three experiments.
Figure 8
Figure 8
In vitro release outline of Brucine from free Brucine suspension, PEGylated liposome and PEGylated liposomal emulgel in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 at 37 °C. Results are identified with respect to the mean ± SD of three experiments. * p < 0.05 compared to free drug; # p < 0.05 compared to PEGylated liposome formulation.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Outline of ex vivo permeability study of Brucine from diverse preparations through rat skin membrane. Results are identified in respect of mean ± SD (n = 3). * (p < 0.05) compared to free Brucine; # compared to PEGylated liposome formulation.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Representing the anti-inflammatory effect of various formulations on rat hind paw edema. Results are expressed as mean with the bar showing SD (n = 6). * p < 0.05 versus control-treated group; $ p < 0.05 versus Brucine orally treated group; ● p < 0.05 versus placebo treated group and # p < 0.05 versus treated GP I.
Figure 11
Figure 11
A schematic representation demonstrating the steps of manufacturing PEGylated liposomal emulgel incorporating Brucine.

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