Introduction: Hearables are ear devices used for multiple purposes including ubiquitous/remote monitoring of vital signals. This can support early detection, prevention, and management of urgent/non-urgent healthcare needs. This review therefore seeks to analyze the challenges and capabilities of hearables used to monitor human physiological signals.
Areas covered: Studies were identified via search (Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus) and conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Bias assessment used the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool 2018 and Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2nd Edition. 92/631 studies met the inclusion criteria and were qualitatively analyzed. The outcomes, applications, advantages, and limitations were discussed according to the vital signal measured. The bias risk ranged from low to high, with most studies facing moderate-to-high risk in subject selection due to small sample sizes.
Expert opinion: Most studies reported good outcomes for ear signal acquisition compared to reference devices. To improve practicability and implementation, wireless connectivity, battery life, impact of motion/environmental artifacts and comfort need to be addressed going forward. Hearable technologies have also shown potential synergies with hearing aids. In future, multimodal ear-sensing devices opens the possibility of comprehensive health monitoring within daily life.
Keywords: Wearables; bio-signal; ear sensing; ear technology; ear-ECG; ear-EEG; hearables; physiological signal; vital sign; vital signals.