Effect of food sources of nitrate, polyphenols, L-arginine and L-citrulline on endurance exercise performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

Abstract

Background: Increasing nitric oxide bioavailability may induce physiological effects that enhance endurance exercise performance. This review sought to evaluate the performance effects of consuming foods containing compounds that may promote nitric oxide bioavailability.

Methods: Scopus, Web of Science, Ovid Medline, EMBASE and SportDiscus were searched, with included studies assessing endurance performance following consumption of foods containing nitrate, L-arginine, L-citrulline or polyphenols. Random effects meta-analysis was conducted, with subgroup analyses performed based on food sources, sex, fitness, performance test type and supplementation protocol (e.g. duration).

Results: One hundred and eighteen studies were included in the meta-analysis, which encompassed 59 polyphenol studies, 56 nitrate studies and three L-citrulline studies. No effect on exercise performance following consumption of foods rich in L-citrulline was identified (SMD=-0.03, p=0.24). Trivial but significant benefits were demonstrated for consumption of nitrate and polyphenol-rich foods (SMD=0.15 and 0.17, respectively, p<0.001), including performance in time-trial, time-to-exhaustion and intermittent-type tests, and following both acute and multiple-day supplementation, but no effect of nitrate or polyphenol consumption was found in females. Among nitrate-rich foods, beneficial effects were seen for beetroot, but not red spinach or Swiss chard and rhubarb. For polyphenol-rich foods, benefits were found for grape, (nitrate-depleted) beetroot, French maritime pine, Montmorency cherry and pomegranate, while no significant effects were evident for New Zealand blackcurrant, cocoa, ginseng, green tea or raisins. Considerable heterogeneity between polyphenol studies may reflect food-specific effects or differences in study designs and subject characteristics. Well-trained males (V̇O_2max ≥65 ml.kg.min^-1) exhibited small, significant benefits following polyphenol, but not nitrate consumption.

Conclusion: Foods rich in polyphenols and nitrate provide trivial benefits for endurance exercise performance, although these effects may be food dependent. Highly trained endurance athletes do not appear to benefit from consuming nitrate-rich foods but may benefit from polyphenol consumption. Further research into food sources, dosage and supplementation duration to optimise the ergogenic response to polyphenol consumption is warranted. Further studies should evaluate whether differential sex-based responses to nitrate and polyphenol consumption are attributable to physiological differences or sample size limitations.

Other: The review protocol was registered on the Open Science Framework ( https://osf.io/u7nsj ) and no funding was provided.

Keywords: Nitric oxide; antioxidants; athletes; endurance; foods; l-citrulline; nitrate; polyphenols; supplements.

Fig. 1

PRISMA flow diagram of search, screening and inclusion outcomes

Fig. 2

Standard and contoured funnel plots of nitrate, polyphenol, and L-citrulline effects

Fig. 3

Nitrate supplementation forest plot. Abbreviations – %Δ, work rate that would achieve x% of difference between V̇O₂ at gas exchange threshold and V̇O_2peak; CI, confidence interval; GXT, graded exercise test; IGXT, intermittent graded exercise test; ITT, intermittent time-trial; ITTE, intermittent time to exhaustion; k, number of trials; km, kilometre; n, sample size; NO₃^-, nitrate; PL, performance level; Q_b, between-group Q-statistic; rpm, revolutions per minute; s, second; SMD, standardised mean difference (Hedge’s g); supp., supplementation; TT, time-trial; TTE, time to exhaustion.

Fig. 4

Polyphenol supplementation forest plot. Abbreviations – CI, confidence interval; GXT, graded exercise test; IGXT, intermittent graded exercise test; ITTE, intermittent time to exhaustion; k, number of trials; n, sample size; PL, performance level; Qb, between-group Q-statistic; SMD, standardised mean difference (Hedge’s g); supp., supplementation; TT, time-trial; TTE, time to exhaustion; V_max, maximal running velocity.

Fig. 4

Polyphenol supplementation forest plot. Abbreviations – CI, confidence interval; GXT, graded exercise test; IGXT, intermittent graded exercise test; ITTE, intermittent time to exhaustion; k, number of trials; n, sample size; PL, performance level; Qb, between-group Q-statistic; SMD, standardised mean difference (Hedge’s g); supp., supplementation; TT, time-trial; TTE, time to exhaustion; V_max, maximal running velocity.

Fig. 5

L-citrulline supplementation forest plot. Abbreviations – n, sample size; SMD, standardised mean difference (Hedge’s g); CI, confidence interval; GXT, graded exercise test; IGXT, TT, time-trial; TTE, time to exhaustion; Q_b, between-group Q-statistic.